Energy and nutrition Flashcards
What makes up the basal metabolic rate?
- Maintains resting activity of the body
- Function of organd
- Body temperature
- Cell metabolism (biosynthesis, growth, transport, activity etc)
What three things accounts for daily energy expenditure?
- Basal Metabolic Rate
- Voluntary physical activity
- Processing consumed food
List the essential components of the diet
- Vitamins and Minerals
- Water
- Fibre -> essential for normal bowel function
- Essential a’a, vital in biosynthesis (source of N/precursor of hormones)
- Fats, necessary to absorb vit A,D,E,K. Some FA are structural components of membranes
What are the clinical symptoms of marasmus and to whom does it usually occur?
- Children emmaciated
- Muscle wastage
- Loss of body fat
- No oedema
- Hair is dry and thin
- Anaemia
- Diarrhoea
- Young children who receive no food source
Why is hair dry and thin in marasmus?
-No fats so cannot absorb fat soluble vitamins
Why is there muscle wastage in marasmus?
- All energy stores have been depleted
- No source of food
- Muscles undergo proteolysis for gluconeogenesis for a source of energy as no fat stores
Why is oedema not seen in marasmus?
- Proteolysis means there is a protein metabolism
- Protein levels not reduced in the blood
- Colloid oncotic pressure normal
What are the clinical signs of kwashiorkor and to whom does it happen?
- Generalised Oedema
- Distended abdomen
- Anaemia
- apathetic, lethargic and anorexic (loss of appetite)
- Children who are often displaced from breast feeding which is replaced by carbs
Why is the abdomen distended in kwashiorkor?
- Due to hepatomegaly and/or ascites
- Hepatomegaly due to fatty liver
- Fatty liver due to fat mobilisation (receiving carbohydrates)
- Fat stored in liver as no lipoproteins
Why are there no lipoproteins in kwashiorkor?
No lipoproteins as there is no protein metabolism
Why is there no muscle wastage in kwashiorkor?
- Children receiving carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates stimulate insulin production which stops proteolysis
- Muscles do not undergo proteolysis
- No protein metabolism present
Why is oedema seen in kwashiorkor?
- No protein metabolism as children receiving carbohydrate
- leads to hypoalbuminaemia (low serum albumin in blood)
- this causes a reduction in colloid oncontic pressure
- low oncontic pressure means that water is not reabsorbed from the interstitial space at the venous end of the blood vessel
- Therefore there is excess tissue fluid in the interstitial space (oedema)
When does obesity occur?
- When there is an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure
- affected by long term food choices and lifestyle
How do you calculate BMI?
-Weight (kg)/Height(m2)
List comorbidities of obesity
- Stroke
- Heart Disease
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Certain Cancers
- Osteoarthritis
- Hyperlipidaemia (associated with greater upper proportion of body fat)
