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GCSE Physics Paper 2 > Energy And Forces > Flashcards

Energy And Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

When is energy transferred?

A

Whenever things happen and when a force makes something move.

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2
Q

What force is energy transferred by?

A

Work done

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3
Q

What does the size of work done depend on?

A

This amount of energy depends on the size of the force and on how far the force moved.

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4
Q

What is the calculation for work done?

A

Work done = force X distance moved in the direction of the force

Aka

E = F X D

E represents work done
F represents force
D represents distance

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5
Q

What is power?

A

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred. When energy is being transferred by forces, then power is also the rate of doing work.

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6
Q

What is power measured in?

A

Watts. 1 watt means 1 joule of work done per second.

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7
Q

What calculation can you use to work out power?

A

Power = work done (J) ➗ time taken (s)

Aka

P = E/T

E represents work done
P represents power
T represents time

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8
Q

How can objects interact (affect each other)?

A

By exerting forces on each other.

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9
Q

If objects are touching, then what are the forces between them?

A

Contact forces

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10
Q

When you stand on the floor, there is an upwards force from the floor on you, what is it?

A

The normal contact force

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11
Q

What are contact forces?

A

A force that occurs when two objects are touching

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12
Q

What is the normal contact force?

A

A force that acts at right angles to a surface of a mirror or lens when a ray of light hits it.

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13
Q

What is friction?

A

A force between two surfaces that resists motion and is always opposite to the direction of a moving object. (Creates thermal energy)

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14
Q

What is upthrust?

A

The upward force that exerts on an object in water or gas.

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15
Q

What are non-contact forces?

A

A force that acts at right angles to a surface as a reaction to a force on that surface. (Forces that act on an object but don’t touch the object).

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16
Q

What is gravity?

A

Gravity is a force that occurs between any two objects that have mass. The force attracts an object to another object eg an object to earth. Also the moon stays in orbit around the earth because the two bodies are attracting each other. The force from the moon on the earth is the same size as the force from the earth on the moon, but in the opposite direction.

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17
Q

What can the gravitational forces between two objects be represented as?

A

Vectors (arrows that show both direction and magnitude). These two forces are action-reaction pairs (pairs of forces acting on different objects, in opposite directions).

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18
Q

What is the space around an object where it can affect other objects called?

A

A force field. The moon and the earth affect each other because the moon is within the earths gravitational field and vice versa.

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19
Q

What is a force field?

A

The space around something where a non-contact force affects things. Eg magnetic fields and gravitational fields.

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20
Q

What is force?

A

At the simplest level a force is a push, pull or twist. Forces acting on an object can cause it to accelerate. Force is a vector quantity.

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21
Q

What is gravitational field?

A

The space around any object with mass where it’s gravity attracts other masses.

22
Q

Other than gravity, what are other forces that affect objects they are not in direct contact with?

A

Magnetism and static electricity. A magnet can attract objects made from magnetic materials including iron, nickel and cobalt. A magnet can attract or repeal another magnet. The space around a magnet where it can affect other materials is called the magnetic field.

23
Q

What does an object charged with static electricity have?

A

It has an electric field (electrostatic field) around it. The electric field can affect objects within it. Two objects with the same charge that are close to each other produce a pair forces that are equal in size and acting in opposite directions.

24
Q

What is magnetism?

A

The force caused by magnets or magnetic material.

25
Q

What is static electricity?

A

Unbalanced electric charges on the surface or within a material

26
Q

Every object usually has more than one force acting on it. If the forces are equal is size but in opposite directions, the resultant force is zero. The forces are said to be balanced. What is resultant force?

A

The total force that results from two or more forces acting upon a single object. It is found by adding together the forces, taking into account their directions. Another term for net force.

27
Q

When an aeroplane is flying at a constant velocity and height, the horizontal forces and vertical forces on it are balanced. The resultant force on the aeroplane is zero. How can you show the forces on the plane?

A

Using a free body diagram which is a diagram of an object showing all the forces acting upon it and the size and direction of a moving object.

28
Q

How can you find the resultant force on a free body diagram when the forces are not acting along the same line?

A

A scale diagram

29
Q

What is a scale diagram?

A

A way of working out the resultant forces or component forces by drawing a diagram where the lengths of arrows represent the sizes of the forces.

30
Q

Describe how to draw a scale diagram

A

Draw arrows at the correct angles to represent the forces. The length of each arrow should represent the size of the force.
Draw lines to make a parallelogram.
The resultant force is the diagonal of the parallelogram. Measure this arrow to work out the size of the resultant force.

31
Q

Turn to page 134 and 135

A

For vector diagrams

32
Q

What is a resolving force?

A

Two forces can be added together to find a resultant force. A single force can be resolved (broken down) into two component forces (two forces that can be added together to form a resultant force) at right angles from each other.

33
Q

What is a moment?

A

The turning effect of a force. It is calculated by multiplying the force by the distance between the force and the pivot, measured at right angles to the force (this is the normal distance).

34
Q

What does the moment of a force depend on?

A

The moment of a force depends on the size of the force and where the force is applied. The greater the force, and the further applied from the pivot, the greater the moment. The distance between the force and the pivot is measured normal (at right angles) to the direction of the force.

35
Q

What is the equation for the moment of a force?

A

Moment of force (N m) = force (N) X distance normal (perpendicular) to the direction of the force (M)

36
Q

When the anti-clockwise moment is equal to the clockwise moment, it will be balanced. What is this said to be in?

A

Equilibrium

37
Q

When a system involving rotational forces is in equilibrium what is equal?

A

The sum of clockwise moments = the sum of anti-clockwise moments

38
Q

What is a lever?

A

A point that pivots about a point and is used to transfer a force.

39
Q

The rotational effect of a force can be transmitted by gears. What are gears?

A

A system of toothed wheels. The teeth interlock so that turning one wheel turns the one in contact with it. If gears of different sizes used,nthe speed of rotation or the force can be changed.

40
Q

What is the equation for kinetic energy?

A

Ek = 1/2 m v squared (only velocity squared)

M = mass
V = velocity
41
Q

What’s the equation for GPE?

A

Ep = E X D

E = energy
D = distance
42
Q

What is attracted to gravitational field?

A

Objects with mass

43
Q

What’s attracted to magnetic field?

A

Magnetic objects

44
Q

What’s attracted to electrostatic fields?

A

All objects

45
Q

What is repealed in the gravitational field?

A

Nothing

46
Q

What is repelled in the magnetic field?

A

Like charges

47
Q

What are the similarities between gravitational, magnetic and electrostatic fields?

A

All can attract objects.
Field gets weaker as you get further away.
Gravitational and magnetic fields are circular.

48
Q

What are the differences between gravitational, magnetic and electrostatic fields?

A

Gravitational can only attract, magnetic and electrostatic can repeal.
Magnetic can only attract magnetic objects and gravitational and electrostatic can attract all objects.

49
Q

Explain how levers transmit the rotational effects of forced

A

A lever consists of a pivot (the axis around which a lever for example can rotate, an effort (the force exerted on a lever) and a load (the force exerted on a part of the lever). A simple lever could be a solid beam laid across a pivot. An effort is applied to rotate one end about the pivot. The opposite end is also rotated about the pivot in the same direction. This has the effect of rotating or lofting the load.

50
Q

Explain how gears affect the rotational effects of forces

A

Gears are wheels with toothed edges that rotate on an axle or shaft. The teeth of one gear fit into the teeth of another gear. This lets one gear turn the other, meaning one axle or shaft can be used to turn another shaft. As one gear turns, the other gear must also turn. Where the gears meet, the teeth must both move in the same direction. For a high gear there is a smaller cog and a larger cog, they will both go the same speed but the smaller cog will rotate more times than the larger cog. For a low gear the cogs are the same size.

51
Q

What are moments?

A

Moments are a measure of the turning affect of a force. The moment is increased if the size of the force is increased. The moment is also increased if the force acts at a greater distance from the pivot. Moments are calculated using, moments = force X distance. Moments are measured in Nm.

52
Q

Describe some ways in which the energy of a system can be changed

A

Whenever a system changes there is a changed in the way some or all of the energy is stored, this is when energy is transferred. Energy can be transferred through:
Mechanical work - a force moving an object through a distance.
Electrical work - changes moving due to a potential difference ( the difference of electrical potential between two points).
Heating - due to temperature difference caused electrically or by chemical reaction.
Radiation - energy transferred as a wave eg light and infrared - the sun emits light radiation and infrared radiation.

GCSE Physics Paper 2 (1 decks)

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