Energy and ATP Flashcards
What is energy?
The ability to do work
What acronym helps remember energy forms?
Most kids hate learning GCSE energy names
What forms can energy take?
Mechanical Kinetic Heat Light Gravitational potential Chemical Sound Electric Elastic potential Nuclear
What is the conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred from one form to another
What is energy measured in?
Joules
What is the main reactant in for energy?
ATP
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP?
A store of energy
A phosphorylated macromolecule
What is ATP made up of generally?
The nucleotide contains:
One 5 carbon sugar
A Base
3 phosphate groups
What is ATP made of exactly?
Ribose
Adenine (alkaline properties)
3 phosphate groups
What two ways can ATP be drawn?
Ribose - rectangle
Adenine - 2 ovals on the top left corner
3 phosphates - 3 ovals on the top right
Or
Ribose - hexagon
Adenine - rectangle on the top left corner
3 phosphates - 3 circles on the top right corner
What is ATP made from? What process?
Made from glucose
In respiration
How much ATP is produced from 1 glucose molecule?
38 molecules of ATP
How is energy released from ATP? What process?
The breakdown of ATP in removal of 1 phosphate group
Hydrolysis
Exothermic
What is produced from the hydrolysis of ATP?
ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate
An inorganic phosphate group
Energy
What is added and what enzyme is used in the hydrolysis of ATP?
A water molecule
ATP hydrolase
What is the reaction for synthesising ATP?
It’s a reverse reaction
ADP + PO4 + energy -> ATP + H2O
What kind of reaction is the synthesis for ATP?
Condensation
Endothermic
Reverse
What enzyme is used to synthesis ATP?
ATP sythase
Why is ATP continuously made?
It is unstable so there is only ever a 3 second supply in a cell
Constantly broken then synthesised
What is the inorganic phosphate?
Not alive just matter
Floats around in the cytoplasm
What is it called when a phosphate group is added to ADP?
Phosphorylation
What are the three types of phosphorylation?
Photo phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate - level phosphorylation
What is photo phosphorylation?
Takes place in ‘chlorophyll containing’ plant cells during photosynthesis
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells during the process of electron transport
How is the synthesis similar in photo and oxidative phosphorylation?
The ATP is synthesised using energy released during the transfer of electrons along a chain of electron carrier molecules in chloroplasts or mitochondria
What is substrate-level phosphorylation
Occurs in plant and animal cells when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP to make ATP
What features of ATP make it an immediate source of energy?
Energy is released in a simple single step reaction
Releases small amounts of efficient energy for jobs that need doing
Can be readily moved as it is soluble
What is ATP a source of energy for?
Metabolic processes - assimilation of macromolecule from small ones
Movement
Active transport - energy to change shape of the carrier protein
Secretion - needed to form lysosomes
Activation of molecules
What is the activation of molecules?
The phosphate group released from ATP when hydrolysed can phosphorylate other molecules to make them more reactive thus lowering the activation energy
What property does ATP have that allows it to release energy?
An unstable bond between the middle and last phosphate
This has a low activation energy which means this bond can be broken easily
When it breaks it releases a considerable amount of energy
