Energy

Question 1

How do you assess nutritional statue in children

Answer 1

Growth charts

Question 2

How do you assess bnutritional status in adults

Answer 2

BMI test
skin-fold test
waist/hip ration
bioimpedence

Question 3

Nutritional requirements in infants

Answer 3

proteins and micronutrients

Question 4

nutritional requirements in children and adolescents

Answer 4

energy, protein and micronutrients

Question 5

nutritional requirements in adults and eldery

Answer 5

less energy but still proteins and micronutrients for maintenance

Question 6

nutritional requirements in pregnant

Answer 6

same energy but increased proteins and micronutrients to support foetus

Question 7

What is the calorie definition

Answer 7

Heat required to heat 1g of H2O from 15 to 16 degrees

Question 8

Number of joules in calories

Answer 8

4.184 J

Question 9

What is the definition of the Joule

Answer 9

Energy expended to move 1kg by 1m with 1N

Question 10

How many calories in a joule

Answer 10

0.24 Cal

Question 11

The physiological energy value of Carbohydrates

Answer 11

17 KJ/g

Question 12

Physiological energy value of Proteins

Answer 12

17KJ/g

Question 13

Physiological energy value of Fats

Answer 13

37KJ/g

Question 14

Physiological energy value of Alcohol

Answer 14

29KJ/g

Question 15

How much of your energy should come from carbohydrate

Answer 15

45-65%

Question 16

How much of your energy should come from Protein

Answer 16

15-20%

Question 17

How much of your energy should come from fats

Answer 17

25-30%

Question 18

What are two ways to measure energy expenditure

Answer 18

Direct Calorimetry

Indirect calorimetry

Question 19

What does direct calorimetry involve

Answer 19

Measureing heat generated

Question 20

What does indirect calorimetry involve

Answer 20

Measures O2 consumed

Question 21

What is the respiratory quotient

Answer 21

Produced CO2/Consumed O2

Moles CO2/Moles O2
Vol CO2/Vol O2

Question 22

What is the respiratory quotient for glucose

Answer 22

6/6 = 1

Question 23

What is the respiratory quotient for lipids

Answer 23

16/23 = 0.7

Question 24

What is the RQ for a balanced diet? What is the energy expenditure of that?

Answer 24

0. 82

20. 2 KJ/L

Question 25

What is the formula for energy expenditure (KJ)

Answer 25

Vol O2 (l) x 20.2 (KJ/l)

Question 26

What is the average total energy expenditure (TEE) per day

Answer 26

10000 KJ/day

Question 27

What is the physical activity level expressed as

Answer 27

A multiple of BMR

Question 28

What is the PAL for minimal activity

Answer 28

1.4

Question 29

What is the PAL for exercise

Answer 29

7

Question 30

What are the two teypes of substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 30

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP Creatine Phosphate + ADP Enzyme is Creatine Kinase (CKMB/CKMM/CKBB)

Question 31

Why is more energy produced from lipids

Answer 31

because they are more reduced

Question 32

What do the TCA intermediates allow for

Answer 32

Symthesis of: ``` Glucose Fatty acid Amino acid Neurotransmitters Heme ```

Question 33

What can oxaloacetate be used for?

Answer 33

gluconeogenesis | Aspartate

Question 34

What can citrate be used for

Answer 34

lipid synthesis

Question 35

What can alpha-ketoglutarate be used for

Answer 35

glutamate | neurotransmitters

Question 36

What can succinyl-coA be used for

Answer 36

Amino acids | Haem

Question 37

What are the products of the TCA Cycle

Answer 37

FADH2 3x NADH GTP

Question 38

What does the TCA Cycle need to function

Answer 38

Oxaloacetate | NAD+

Question 39

What activates the TCA Cycle

Answer 39

ADP

Question 40

What inhibits the TCA Cycle

Answer 40

NADH

Question 41

What are two molecules that are toxic to the TCA Cycle?

Answer 41

DNP (Dinitrophenol) | Cyanide

Question 42

What can complex I of ETC be called

Answer 42

NADH-Q Reductase

Question 43

What can complex II of ETC be called

Answer 43

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Question 44

What can Complex III of ETC be called

Answer 44

QH2-Cytochrome C Reductase

Question 45

What can complex IV of ETC be called

Answer 45

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Question 46

What can complex V of ETC be called

Answer 46

F0F1 ATP Synthase

Question 47

What is Ubiquinone reduced to

Answer 47

QH2

Question 48

What happens to Cytochrome C when it is reduced

Answer 48

Makes Fe2+ from Fe3+

Question 49

What happens in the F0 part of ATP synthase

Answer 49

Protons move through here

Question 50

What happens in the F1 part of ATP synthase

Answer 50

Generation

Question 51

What is the P:O ratio

Answer 51

ATP Synthesised/O2 consumed

Question 52

How many ATP per NADH

Answer 52

3

Question 53

How many ATP per FADH2

Answer 53

2

Question 54

What is it called when the P:O ratio stays constant

Answer 54

Tight coupling

Question 55

What causes TCA Cycle to be stimulated in uncoupling

Answer 55

High levels of ADP

Question 56

What type of tissue keeps neonatals warm using uncoupling

Answer 56

Brown adipose tissue

Question 57

Which hormone increases uncoupling proteins

Answer 57

Thyroid hormones

Question 58

What is a chemical uncoupler

Answer 58

DNP (dinitrophenol)

Question 59

What blocks complex I

Answer 59

Rotenone | Certain Barbitureates

Question 60

what causes it lactate acidosis

Answer 60

Decreased TCA cycle activity leading to pyruvate

Question 61

What binds to Haem of Complex IV, preventing binding of O2

Answer 61

cyanide | CO

Question 62

What is Histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 62

When cells cannot use O2 because they are toxic