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Physiology > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

How do you assess nutritional statue in children

A

Growth charts

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2
Q

How do you assess bnutritional status in adults

A

BMI test
skin-fold test
waist/hip ration
bioimpedence

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3
Q

Nutritional requirements in infants

A

proteins and micronutrients

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4
Q

nutritional requirements in children and adolescents

A

energy, protein and micronutrients

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5
Q

nutritional requirements in adults and eldery

A

less energy but still proteins and micronutrients for maintenance

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6
Q

nutritional requirements in pregnant

A

same energy but increased proteins and micronutrients to support foetus

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7
Q

What is the calorie definition

A

Heat required to heat 1g of H2O from 15 to 16 degrees

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8
Q

Number of joules in calories

A

4.184 J

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9
Q

What is the definition of the Joule

A

Energy expended to move 1kg by 1m with 1N

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10
Q

How many calories in a joule

A

0.24 Cal

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11
Q

The physiological energy value of Carbohydrates

A

17 KJ/g

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12
Q

Physiological energy value of Proteins

A

17KJ/g

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13
Q

Physiological energy value of Fats

A

37KJ/g

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14
Q

Physiological energy value of Alcohol

A

29KJ/g

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15
Q

How much of your energy should come from carbohydrate

A

45-65%

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16
Q

How much of your energy should come from Protein

A

15-20%

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17
Q

How much of your energy should come from fats

A

25-30%

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18
Q

What are two ways to measure energy expenditure

A

Direct Calorimetry

Indirect calorimetry

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19
Q

What does direct calorimetry involve

A

Measureing heat generated

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20
Q

What does indirect calorimetry involve

A

Measures O2 consumed

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21
Q

What is the respiratory quotient

A

Produced CO2/Consumed O2

Moles CO2/Moles O2
Vol CO2/Vol O2

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22
Q

What is the respiratory quotient for glucose

A

6/6 = 1

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23
Q

What is the respiratory quotient for lipids

A

16/23 = 0.7

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24
Q

What is the RQ for a balanced diet? What is the energy expenditure of that?

A
  1. 82

20. 2 KJ/L

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25
Q

What is the formula for energy expenditure (KJ)

A

Vol O2 (l) x 20.2 (KJ/l)

26
Q

What is the average total energy expenditure (TEE) per day

A

10000 KJ/day

27
Q

What is the physical activity level expressed as

A

A multiple of BMR

28
Q

What is the PAL for minimal activity

A

1.4

29
Q

What is the PAL for exercise

A

7

30
Q

What are the two teypes of substrate level phosphorylation

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP

Creatine Phosphate + ADP
Enzyme is Creatine Kinase (CKMB/CKMM/CKBB)

31
Q

Why is more energy produced from lipids

A

because they are more reduced

32
Q

What do the TCA intermediates allow for

A

Symthesis of:

Glucose
Fatty acid
Amino acid
Neurotransmitters
Heme
33
Q

What can oxaloacetate be used for?

A

gluconeogenesis

Aspartate

34
Q

What can citrate be used for

A

lipid synthesis

35
Q

What can alpha-ketoglutarate be used for

A

glutamate

neurotransmitters

36
Q

What can succinyl-coA be used for

A

Amino acids

Haem

37
Q

What are the products of the TCA Cycle

A

FADH2
3x NADH
GTP

38
Q

What does the TCA Cycle need to function

A

Oxaloacetate

NAD+

39
Q

What activates the TCA Cycle

A

ADP

40
Q

What inhibits the TCA Cycle

A

NADH

41
Q

What are two molecules that are toxic to the TCA Cycle?

A

DNP (Dinitrophenol)

Cyanide

42
Q

What can complex I of ETC be called

A

NADH-Q Reductase

43
Q

What can complex II of ETC be called

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

44
Q

What can Complex III of ETC be called

A

QH2-Cytochrome C Reductase

45
Q

What can complex IV of ETC be called

A

Cytochrome C Oxidase

46
Q

What can complex V of ETC be called

A

F0F1 ATP Synthase

47
Q

What is Ubiquinone reduced to

A

QH2

48
Q

What happens to Cytochrome C when it is reduced

A

Makes Fe2+ from Fe3+

49
Q

What happens in the F0 part of ATP synthase

A

Protons move through here

50
Q

What happens in the F1 part of ATP synthase

A

Generation

51
Q

What is the P:O ratio

A

ATP Synthesised/O2 consumed

52
Q

How many ATP per NADH

A

3

53
Q

How many ATP per FADH2

A

2

54
Q

What is it called when the P:O ratio stays constant

A

Tight coupling

55
Q

What causes TCA Cycle to be stimulated in uncoupling

A

High levels of ADP

56
Q

What type of tissue keeps neonatals warm using uncoupling

A

Brown adipose tissue

57
Q

Which hormone increases uncoupling proteins

A

Thyroid hormones

58
Q

What is a chemical uncoupler

A

DNP (dinitrophenol)

59
Q

What blocks complex I

A

Rotenone

Certain Barbitureates

60
Q

what causes it lactate acidosis

A

Decreased TCA cycle activity leading to pyruvate

61
Q

What binds to Haem of Complex IV, preventing binding of O2

A

cyanide

CO

62
Q

What is Histotoxic hypoxia

A

When cells cannot use O2 because they are toxic

Physiology (3 decks)

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