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BLGY1115 > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two methods for generating a proton gradient?

A
  • photosynthetic electron transport chain

- oxidative electron transport chain

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2
Q

ATPase

A
  • found in the plasma membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane, thylakoid membrane etc.
  • the energy from the flow of protons through it allow an inorganic phosphate to be joined to ADP forming ATP
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3
Q

Energy Metabolism in Reverse

A
  • ATP can also be spent to generate a proton gradient
  • this is sometimes used to power active transport
  • or when excess ATP is available
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4
Q

Simple / Passive Diffusion

A

-molecules pass straight through the cells plasma membrane

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5
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • molecules move from a high concentration o a low concentration through a membrane protein
  • no energy required
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6
Q

Active Transport

Symporter

A
  • secondary active transport

- the symporter protein pumps something else through the membrane with the target molecule in the same direction

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7
Q

Active Transport

Anitporter

A
  • primary active transport

- the antiporter pumps something else through the membrane with the target molecule but in the opposite direction

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8
Q

What is oxidation?

A

-movement of electrons from a high potential energy in the electron donor (negative redox potential) to a lower potential energy in the electron donor (positive redox potential)

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9
Q

What do cells need energy for?

A
  • cells have a biochemical repatoire to use carbon and nitrogen sources to make the building blocks of the cell
  • the building of polymers requires energy
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10
Q

First Stage in Releasing Energy in Cells

A
  • to obtain glucose
  • cells will always respire glucose first if it is available
  • in the absence of glucose they will make glucose first
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11
Q

What are electron / hydrogen donors?

A

substances to be oxidised

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12
Q

Electron Transport Phosphorylation

A

-flow of electrons from donors with a negative redox potential to acceptors with a more positive redox potential is coupled to synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

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13
Q

Chemotrophy in General

A

ADP + Pi -> H2O + ATP

in this process, Xred + Aox -> Xox + Ared

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14
Q

Chemoorganotrophy

A
  • organic electron donors
  • aerobes use oxygen and anaerobes use nitrate, sulphate or organic substances as electron acceptors
  • usually use organic substances as carbon source
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15
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A
  • inorganic electron donors (i.e. H2, H2S, NH3)
  • inorganic electron acceptors (i.e. O2, CO2, nitrate)
  • usually use CO2 as carbon source
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16
Q

Oxidation

A

-losing an electron or a hydrogen

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17
Q

Reduction

A

-gaining an electron or a hydrogen

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18
Q

Redo Reactions

A

Donor(red) + Acceptor(ox) -> Donor(ox) + Acceptor(red)

D + A -> D+ + A-

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19
Q

Redox Reactions in the Absence of Oxygen

A
  • usually oxygen is used as the electron acceptor in a redox reaction as it has a very positive redox potential
  • it is possible to use other molecules as acceptors, but the difference in potential energy will usually be smaller so less energy will be released
20
Q

Reduction of Alternative Electron Acceptors

A

NO3(-) -> N2 OR N2O
SO4(-2) -> H2S OR S
CO2 -> CH4

21
Q

Nitrogen as an Electron Acceptor

A
  • a lot of N is recycled by bacteria that use nitrogen as an oxidant
  • nitrate reduction is essential for denitrification of soil and recycling of nitrogen back to the atmosphere
  • nitrate would otherwise wash into and accumulate in rivers or oceans
22
Q

Assimilatory Reductions

A

look up

23
Q

Dissimilatory Reductions

A

look up

24
Q

Fermentations

A

loose sense – industrial production process involving microbial growth
strict sense – energy generation process in which both electron donor and acceptor are organic compounds, energy is generated by substrate level phosphorylation, doesn’t use an electron transport chain and membrane

25
Q

Example of Fermentation

A

Glycolysis

26
Q

Respiration

A

-use of electron transport chain, membrane and proton gradient

27
Q

Fermentations - Toxic Products

A

-microorganisms find it easy to remove the often toxic fermentation products from the cell by for higher organisms this is more of a problem

28
Q

Recycling of NAD+

A
  • metabolically expensive so cant keep synthesise so must keep recycling
  • in oxidation NAD+ is reduced to form NADH2
  • to be used again it has to be oxidised back to NAD+ using oxygen
29
Q

Fermentation and Recycling

A
  • fermentations are essentially recycling schemes

- in fermentation NADH/H2 is oxidised by passing hydrogen and electrons to an organic compound

30
Q

Alternatives to Oxidative Sugar Utilisation

A
  • in the absence of oxygen as a hydrogen acceptor, a fermentation takes place
  • yeast and some bacteria can ferment glucose to alcohol
31
Q

Ethanolic Fermentation

A 
glucose -> 2 pyruvate
 (2ADP->2ATP and 2NAD->2NADH)
2 pyruvate -> 2 acetaldehyde
 (releases 2 CO2)
2 acetaldehyde -> 2 ethaol
 (2NADH2 -> 2NAD)
32
Q

Lactic Fermentation

A

glucose -> 2 pyruvate
(2ADP -> 2ATP and 2NAD -> 2NADH2)
2 pyruvate -> lactic acid
(2NADH2 -> 2NAD)

33
Q

Products of Lactic Fermentations

A
  • cheese
  • yogurt
  • silage
  • fermented vegetables
  • fermented milks
  • fermented meats
34
Q

Multi-Stage Fermentations

A

-many fermentations are multi stage and produce a mixture of products

35
Q

What do the products of a fermentation depend on?

A
  • the organism
  • substrate
  • growth conditions
36
Q

Which organisms use which types of energy generating mechanisms?

A

-some organisms are restricted to the type of energy generating processes they can use, others have access to many types of mechanism

37
Q

How is ATP produced in photosynthesis?

A

-flow of electrons from donors with negative redox potential to acceptors with more positive redox potential is coupled to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

38
Q

Phototrophy

A

ADP + pi -> H2O + ATP (using light energy)

39
Q

Photolithotrophy

A
  • H2O or H2S as electron donors

- CO2 as a carbon source

40
Q

Photoorganotrophy

A

-organic substrates as the electron donor and as the carbon source

41
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • split electron donor with energy to release protons

- pump protons with energy from transport chain to increase gradient

42
Q

Chloroplasts vs Photosynthetic Bacteria

Where do protons accumulate?

A
  • in the thylakoid space in chloroplasts

- in the periplasm in photosynthetic bacteria

43
Q

Mitochondria vs Bacteria

Where do protons accumulate?

A
  • protons accumulate in the intermembrane space in mitochondria
  • protons accumulate in the periplasm in bacteria
  • i.e. in the equivalent place in mitochondria and bacteria
44
Q

Higher Plants vs Chromatium vs Purple Bacteria

Carbon Fixation

A

Higher Plant
CO2 + 2H2O -> CH2O + 2O (using light)

Chromatium
CO2 + 2H2S -> CH2O + 2S (using light)

Purple Bacteria
2CO2 + H2S + 2H2O -> 2CH2O + H2SO4 (using light)

45
Q

Chemolitotophic Metabolism

Characteristics

A
  • mainly aerobic
  • convert oxidations to biological fuel
  • reducing power is derived from oxidation of many inorganic compounds mostly with oxygen as electron acceptors
46
Q

Examples of Chemolithotrophic Bacteria

A
  • iron bacteria
  • nitrate oxidisers
  • ammonia oxidisers
  • sulphur bacteria

BLGY1115 (10 decks)

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