Energy Flashcards
1
Q
Where do we find energy?
A
Energy is all around us. It takes on many different forms, is used in many different sources and can be transferred (changed) from one form to another.
2
Q
Why are fuels important?
A
Fuels are necessary to give us energy. We need energy in our bodies for the activities we do.
3
Q
What is the ultimate source of energy?
A
The sun
4
Q
What is input energy?
A
Sources of Stored energy needed to make fuels burn
5
Q
What is output energy?
A
Energy that is created (eg heat or light)
6
Q
List four stored energy in fuels:
A
Coal
Wood
Petrol
Paraffin
7
Q
Explain the stored energy in coal
A
It is a fossil fuel, mined from the earth. Provides heat when burned and is used to cook food and warm houses. Also burned in large quantities to make electricity.
8
Q
Explain the stored energy in wood:
A
Trees are cut down to make firewood that is burned to heat homes. Cheap source of fuel. Unfortunately contributes to pollution and global warming.
9
Q
Explain the stored energy In Petrol
A
It is used to run trucks and cars. It comes from refining crude oil (a fossil fuel) which originally comes from deep underground.
10
Q
Explain the stored energy In Paraffin
A
It is burned in paraffin lamps and stoves and provides heat and light. It comes from processing crude oil (fossil fuel)
11
Q
Explain the stored energy in gas
A
Gas is burned to provide light and warmth and heat to cook food. Gas is pressurized as a liquid and stored in cylinders or tanks. It comes from crude oil (fossil fuel)
12
Q
Explain the stored energy in candle wax.
A
Most candles are made of paraffin wax, but they can be made from bees wax, gel or plants (soy beans or palms). The wax burns to create a flame which gives heat and light energy. Candle was invented by ancient Egyptians who used animal fat.
13
Q
What are fossil fuels?
A
Fossil fuels include petroleum (oil), coal and natural gas. They are called fossil fuels because they are the remains of organisms from long ago. These organisms (plants/ animals and other living things) were buried deep in the earth for millions of years. Over a long time heat and pressure converted the remains of the organisms into fossil fuels.
14
Q
What is the fossil fuel coal made of?
A
Plant material and pressure and heat.
15
Q
What is the fossil fuel OIL made from?
A
Animal material and pressure and heat.
16
Q
What is the fossil fuel natural gas made of?
A
Animal material and heat and pressure.
17
Q
List eight forms of energy:
A
Light
Kinetic
Thermal
Sound
Nuclear
Chemical
Electrical
Potential
18
Q
Describe light energy
A
Makes things visible
19
Q
Describe kinetic energy
A
Ability to make things move
20
Q
Describe thermal energy
A
Energy that comes from heat
21
Q
Describe sound energy
A
It is formed by vibrating sound waves
22
Q
What is nuclear energy?
A
Energy releases during a nuclear reaction when an atom is split or fused
23
Q
What is chemical energy?
A
Stored energy that is released during a Chemical reaction.
24
Q
What is electrical energy?
A
Energy consumed in the form of electricity. Comes from electrons.
25
What is potential energy?
Stored energy.
26
What is input energy?
Energy we need to put in to start a fuel burning.
27
What is output energy?
Energy, such as heat and light energy is produced when a fuel burns.
28
What is the fire triangle
Oxygen, heat and fuel
29
How do I prove fire needs oxygen to burn?
Put a container over a candle
30
List three fire safety rules
Never play with fire/ matches
Store lighters/ matches safely away from children
Never leave a fire or candle or gas heater unattended.
31
Tell me about the MAINS electricity
Electricity comes from huge power stations and is transferred in a circuit to our homes and back to the power station. From the power station large amounts of electricity travel to substations through transmission lines that are held by pylons.
From a substation, smaller amounts of electricity are transferred , through distribution lines, to electricity boxes. Wires from electricity boxes are connected to plug points in our homes.
32
Where do power stations in SA get their energy?
Most comes from burning fossil fuel (coal). Other sources: water (hydro electric power) steam (geo thermal),wind (from wind turbines) and nuclear power.
33
What must you do in a fire?
Stay calm.
Stay low
Crawl away from the fire
Go to the nearest safety exit
Call the fire department
34
Where can you store energy?
In cells and batteries
35
What is a dry cell?
A battery that is used for a portable electrical device.
36
How does a cell work?
Chemicals inside are converted into electrical energy or electricity.
37
What is a battery?
A collection of cells connected end to end.
38
What does a battery consist of?
An outer case and a carbon rod in the centre of the cell. The carbon rod is a good conductor of electricity. Copper wire is another good conductor.
39
How many cells does a car battery need?
Six large cells
40
Energy that is flowing (electrical current) is measured in amperes (amps). What is electrical energy that is stored in the battery measure in?
Volts
41
Define an electrical circuit
A circuit is a complete path around which electricity can flow. Batteries can be the source of a circuit.
42
How does a switch work?
When the switch is closed electricity can flow around the circuit and the bulb will light.If the switch is open electricity can’t flow.
43
What is the potential energy stored in a battery measured in?
Volts or v
44
What is flowing energy measured in?
Amperes (amps)
45
How does electricity get to you?
1. coal fire station (where electricity is generated)
2. Step up transformer (increases the power to send the electrical current over a distance to your home)
3. Cables (thick wires take electricity over distances)
4. Pylons (tall metal structures support the wires)
5. Step down transformer (brings down power so it can be used in your home)
6. Wooden poles (structures that hold up wires coming to your home)
7. Meter box tells you how much electricity you are using.
46
What is electrical circuit?
A system that provides a path for the transfer of energy
47
What is a battery?
Something that is made of one or more electrochemical cell. It changes the energy in chemicals into electricity.
48
What is a plug?
The part of an electrical appliance that goes into a wall socket.
49
What type of energy is electricity?
Electrical energy
50
What is a electrochemical cell?
Changes the energy in chemicals into electricity
51
What is a battery?
A source of stored energy that is made of one or more cells.
52
What is a switch.
It controls the electricity in an electric circuit.
53
What is an electrical circuit?
A system that provides a path for the transfer of electricity.
54
How does a torch work?
Torch is controlled by a switch. when the torch is switched on the chemical energy in the cells are changed into electricity the electricity goes to the lightbulb the bulb changes the electricity into light energy.
55
Tell me about a battery
The two ends are different. One is called the Positive and the other is called negative.
56
How do I dispose of old battery’s safely?
Harmful chemicals can leak out of old batteries they can pollute the soil and earth and affect peoples health never put batteries in a fire they can explode some shops have Waste centres that collect old batteries
57
What is a circuit
A circuit is a system that transfers electrical energy to where it is needed
58
Give two dangers with electricity
Shock, fire
59
What are sources of stored energy called
Input energy
60
What is energy that is created called
Out put energy
61
What do we use coal for
Heat , light and electricity
62
What do we use wood for
Heat and warmth
63
What is a negative about burning wood
Pollution and global warming
64
What are fossil fuels
Remains of organisms that lived long ago
65
Where does petrol come from
Crude oil which is a fossil fuel which originally comes from deep underground
66
What is petrol used for
To run trucks and cars
67
What is Paraffin used for
For heat and light
68
Where does Paraffin come from
Paraffin comes from processing crude oil
69
What is gas used for
Light and warmth and heat to cook food
70
Complete the sentence;
gas is pressurised as a
LIQUID
71
Where is gas stored after being pressurized a liquid
In Cylinders or in tanks
72
Where does gas come from
Processing of crude oil
73
What are most candles made of
Paraffin wax
74
Candles can also be made from
Beeswax , gel or plants such as soybeans or palms
75
What is burned to create
Flames which gives us light and heat energy
76
Who Invented the first candle
The ancient Egyptians who used fat to make them
77
What do fossil fuels include
Petroleum which is oil , coal and natural gas
78
Why are fossil fuels called Fossil fuels
Because like fossils there remains of organisms that lived long ago
79
Define fossil fuels
Remains of organisms that live long ago very deep in the Earth for millions of years
80
Give two examples of fossil fuels
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
81
Name three things that are fire needs to burn
Fuel
Oxygen
Input energy
82
Define input energy
The energy we need to put in , to start a fuel burning
83
Define output energy
The energy such as heat and light energy is produced when a fuel burns
84
What is dangerous about the following situation ;
Peter builds a small fire on the carpet in the lounge of his house to keep warm
The carpet could catch a light and burn the house down. you should make the fire in the fireplace
85
Where do we get Our electricity from
Burning coal, hydroelectric power , geothermal wind energy , And Nuclear energy
86
What are the two sides of the battery called
The positive and the negative end of the battery
87
What are conductors
Materials that allow electricity to pass through them easily
88
What is a circuit
The complete path around which electricity Can flow
89
What does a battery consist of
And outer case and a carbon rod in the centre the cell
90
What is electricity that is flowing measured in
Amps
91
What is stored energy measured in
Volts or V
92
What is a good conductor
Copper wire
93
What is the battery that is used for portable electric device called
Dry cell
94
Name 12 rules for safety with electricity
1. Do not use broken plugs or damaged cords
2. If there is an electrical storm do not stand under a tree for safety in addition be sure to turn off and disconnect all electrical appliances
3. Do not touch any powerlines or electric fences some powerlines a buried underground if you find a wire underground do not touch it did not fly a kite Or climb a tree near a power line
4. Do not cut grass with an electric lawnmower when it is raining
5. Keep Appliances away from water do not use a hairdryer if there is water nearby
6. Never temper with an electrical appliance when it is still plugged in at the wall
7. Do not plug too many cords into one outlet
8. Never put other objects beside the plug into wall or plug sockets
9. Dry hands before plugging in or unplugging a cord never use wet hands around electric appliances
10. Do not pull a cold to unplug an appliance
11. Wear closed shoes with rubber soles before using electric appliances and never use electrical appliances Bare foot.
12. If someone has been shocked do not try to pull them away from the power source because you will also be shocked switch off the power source and then attend to them
95
Define insulator
Poor conductor of heat and electricity
e.g. rubber
96
What does rotate mean
To spin around an imaginary line
97
Does the Earth rotate around
Axis
98
Is its earths axis tilted
Yes
99
Does Earths axis’s angle ever change
No, never
100
At what degree is earths axis tilted at
23.5°
101
Does Earth rotate from east to west or from west to east
West to east
102
How long does it take for earth to rotate
24H
103
What does rotation give us?
Day and Night
104
What is an orbit?
The pathway of the planets around the sun
105
Explain revolution
The earth revolves around the sun. The sun is the centre point and the earth moves around it.
106
Tell me the order of the planets from the sun.
MVEMJSUN
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
107
What is orbit?
The pathway and object follows when it moves around another object in space
108
What is Axis?
The imaginary line from north to south through the centre of the Earth
109
What is revolution
The movement of an object in space around another object
110
What is rotation
The spinning movement of an object around its self
111
How long is one day on Earth
24 hours
112
How long is one year on Earth
365 1/4 days
113
Why is the Earth known as a rocky planet
Because it is made from rock
114
What are the three main layers of the Earth
The crust and the mantle and the core
115
Which layer is the thinnest
Pthe crust it is between 35 and 50 km thick it is mainly solid rock
116
Describe the layers that form the crust
Topsoil subsoil weathered rock fragments and solid rock
117
Tell me about topsoil
Made of nutrient rich soil with decomposing matter or humus dead plants and animals that are being broken down
118
Tell me about subsoil
It is made of small rocks and soil waste some nutrients from the topsoil have washed into it
119
Tell me about weathered rock fragments
It is mixed with some soil
120
What causes rocks to break up
The heat of the Sun and the cold of the night causes the rocks to crack roots and plants also cause rocks to break up new plants grow into gaps in the soil when they die this decompose material form soil water also causes the rocks to break up the water washes the particles away to other places where is soil is formed small particles are also spread by wind
121
What four things are needed for life to exist on Earth
Soil air water and light
122
Draw the layers of the crust
Your picture must start with topsoil and subsoil then pieces of rock and soil and then solid rock or bedrock
123
What do rocks break down over time into
Rocks then stones then Pebbles then soil
124
Describe the different types of soil
Play salts fine sand then medium sand then large sand particles
125
Tell me about Sandy soil
Mostly large grains water drains through it quickly it is usually dry
126
Tell me about loamy soil
Mostly medium-size grains a mixture of sand and clay holds water well
127
Tell me about clay soil
Very tiny grains that come together doesn’t drain well water sits on the top get sticky
128
Draw a table of sandy clay and loamy soil which ones get the mostly large grain small grains different Graham sides humus and best for growing plants
129
Tell me about the layers of theearth
Crust then Mantle then outer core then inner core
130
Tell me about sedimentary rocks
They are formed when layers of sediment like sand mad and Pebbles get squished together over time these Les eventually turn into rock sedimentary rocks are formed in places like rivers oceans and deserts
131
Tell me about igneous rocks
These are formed when hot lava or magma cools down quickly first the magma Mel schools down and then hardens rocks the pulldown fast turn into glass rocks of cool down slowly turn into large grains
132
Tell me about a metamorphic rock
A rap that has been changed due to extreme heat and pressure they start at is a sedimentary or igneous rock and then turn into a different rock. It is formed under the earths surface
133
What are the three main types of rocks
Igneous metamorphic and sedimentary
134
How are sedimentary rocks formed
They are formed over a very long time is important because of the way it forms and the time it takes to form and preserve fossils within it
135
Tell me the steps in the process of the formation of sedimentary rocks
Step one
Soil and rock on the surface breakdown this process is called erosion. overtime big rocks break down into smaller pieces and eventually into grands erosion can happen due to plants roots growing in the cracks chemicals in the air or in the water causing them to break down or when when bangs on rocks step to the grains are moved by the wind and water these tiny grains are blown into the air forming Dust
136
Tell me about step two of forming sedimentary rocks
Grains are moved by the water and the wind the grains of Claire blown into the air forming dust and I move from the area where they were formed to other places when it rains they’re washed away and transporter to rivers
137
Tell me about step three of sedimentary rocks
Grains are deposited in low-lying areas the wind can only carry the grains of it is blowing it a fast speed as soon as it slows down the Grange drop the wind slows down a deposit for the rain on the ground river deposit them in the same way when he’s grains are deposited they are called sediments and this is how layers of sediment are formed
138
Tell me about step four of sedimentary rocks
New layers of sediment or deposited on existing layers grains are continually being washed or blown into these regions regions as one layer starts another is formed on top of it
139
Tell me about step five of sedimentary rocks
Layers are contacted and hard and over time
140
What else are igneous rocks known as?
They are known as fire rocks are formed either underground or above the ground all igneous rocks are made of Midrand minerals when these chemicals cool down their form crystals
141
Tell me about the different types of sedimentary rocks
You get shale sandstone and limestone
142
Tell me about shale and sandstone
Shale is made from mud that has been compacted. The grains are of clay are too tiny to see so the rock looks solid.
Sandstone is made from sand grains that have been contacted the sand grains are slightly bigger than clay grains and can be seen sandstone is soft and crumbles easily
143
Tell me about limestone a sedimentary rock
Limestone is formed from the remains of dead sea animals when animal dies it’s body falls to the ocean Flora decomposes the bones of shells are broken down and layers are formed
144
What are fossils
Fossils are the remains of ancient plants and animals that lived thousands of years ago that have been preserved in layers of rock
145
Where can fossils be found
Mostly in sedimentary rock the process by which sedimentary rocks are formed is delicate enough that fossils can be preserved within them
146
Tell me about fossilisation
Step one a dinosaur dies and the soft part of its body decays step to the skeleton is covered by sand and mud before it can decay step three over thousands of years the many layers of mud covering the skeleton turn to rock step for over thousands of years the rock is eroded by wind and water to expose the fossil
147
What are the two main types of fossils
Body fossils and trace fossils
148
Tell me about a body fossil
Body fossils are the preserved body parts of an organism such as fossilised bones teeth shells leaves stems and leaves
149
Why do you body fossils tell us a lot about an animal or plant
We can work out what kind of food at eight from its jaw what senses at use most for example big eyes more site the size of its brain it’s defence mechanisms and more
150
What are trace fossils
Trace fossils are the signs of life that have been preserved they give evidence that organism once lived on Earth but are not made up of that organism examples include fossilised footprints droppings or leaf impressions
151
What is a fossil
The remains of an organism that long to long ago and found in sedimentary rocks
152
What does a palaeontologist do
He studies trace and body fossils
153
What does extinct mean
An animal or plant that does not exist today
