Endrocrine System Flashcards
Name the three types of hormones
Peptides, steroids, amino acid derivatives
Name the two types of glands
Endocrine, exocrine
What does the endocrine system do?
Coordinates the activity of organs through hormones
What are the two control systems and how do they differ?
Autonomic nervous system; rapid change, less precise, neurotransmitters
Endocrine system; slower change, more precise, hormones
What’s the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts which lead to cavities, organs or the skin.
Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the blood.
Provide an example of down regulation and up regulation
Down regulation is where the number of target cell receptors decreases; eg hormones during puberty
Up regulation is where a decrease in a hormone increases the number of receptors on target cell; eg increase in oxytocin receipts during third trimester of pregnancy
Make three signs and three symptoms of hypothyroidism
Signs; thin hair, loss of eyebrows, brittle skin
Symptoms; poor memory, low libido, menstrual changes
Name three signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
Signs; tachycardia, tremor, goitre
Symptoms; increased sweating, irritability, unexplained weight loss, palpitations
What hormone does the pituitary gland produce
Growth hormone
What does the thyroid gland do
Regulates metabolism
What hormone do the adrenal grands produce
Adrenaline
What hormone does the pancreas produce
Insulin
What hormones do the reproductive glands control
Oestrogen and testosterone
What is a gland
Any structure that makes and secretes a hormone
What is the ‘master gland’
The pituitary gland
How do hormones function?
Hormones arrive at a target cell, then bind to a specific receptor where it acts as a switch to influence chemical or metabolic reactions inside the cell.
How do peptide and lipid based hormones differ?
Peptide hormone receptors are situated in the cell membrane.
Lipid hormone receptors are located inside the cell.
Name four functions of the growth hormone
Stimulates growth and division of most body cells, regulates aspects of metabolism, stimulates protein synthesis, helps breakdown of fats, increases blood glucose.
Name the functions of prolactin
Initiating and maintaining lactation, also screwed during periods of sleep.
What secretes the hormones t3 and t4?
The thyroid gland. .
What does FSH do?
The follicle stimulating hormone stimulates production of sperm in the testes, oestrogen in the ovaries, maturation of ovarian follicles and ovulation
What does LH do?
Luteinising hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone by the testes; progesterone by the corpus luteum (women)
What does ADH do?
Antidiuretic hormone reduces urine output, determined by the osmotic pressure of the blood surrounding the osmoreceptors.
What deficiency lead to goitre?
Dietary iodine deficiency > can lead to increase of TSH secretion > enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Describe how calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.
Promotes storage of calcium in bone cells, inhibits re absorption of calcium in the kidney tubules.
Compare type 1 & 2 diabetes mellitus
1. Age of onset
2. Main causes
3. Family history
1) type 1 usually childhood, type 2 adulthood
2) type 1 autoimmune, type 2 obesity/lack of exercise
3) type 1 rare, type 2 common
What is tetany
Characterised by inward bending of hands, forearms and feet, caused by hypocalcaemia. Low blood calcium > increases excitability of peripheral nerves.
