Endrocrine System

Question 1

Name the three types of hormones

Answer 1

Peptides, steroids, amino acid derivatives

Question 2

Name the two types of glands

Answer 2

Endocrine, exocrine

Question 3

What does the endocrine system do?

Answer 3

Coordinates the activity of organs through hormones

Question 4

What are the two control systems and how do they differ?

Answer 4

Autonomic nervous system; rapid change, less precise, neurotransmitters

Endocrine system; slower change, more precise, hormones

Question 5

What’s the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Answer 5

Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts which lead to cavities, organs or the skin.

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the blood.

Question 6

Provide an example of down regulation and up regulation

Answer 6

Down regulation is where the number of target cell receptors decreases; eg hormones during puberty

Up regulation is where a decrease in a hormone increases the number of receptors on target cell; eg increase in oxytocin receipts during third trimester of pregnancy

Question 7

Make three signs and three symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 7

Signs; thin hair, loss of eyebrows, brittle skin

Symptoms; poor memory, low libido, menstrual changes

Question 8

Name three signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Answer 8

Signs; tachycardia, tremor, goitre

Symptoms; increased sweating, irritability, unexplained weight loss, palpitations

Question 9

What hormone does the pituitary gland produce

Answer 9

Growth hormone

Question 10

What does the thyroid gland do

Answer 10

Regulates metabolism

Question 11

What hormone do the adrenal grands produce

Answer 11

Adrenaline

Question 12

What hormone does the pancreas produce

Answer 12

Insulin

Question 13

What hormones do the reproductive glands control

Answer 13

Oestrogen and testosterone

Question 14

What is a gland

Answer 14

Any structure that makes and secretes a hormone

Question 15

What is the ‘master gland’

Answer 15

The pituitary gland

Question 16

How do hormones function?

Answer 16

Hormones arrive at a target cell, then bind to a specific receptor where it acts as a switch to influence chemical or metabolic reactions inside the cell.

Question 17

How do peptide and lipid based hormones differ?

Answer 17

Peptide hormone receptors are situated in the cell membrane.

Lipid hormone receptors are located inside the cell.

Question 18

Name four functions of the growth hormone

Answer 18

Stimulates growth and division of most body cells, regulates aspects of metabolism, stimulates protein synthesis, helps breakdown of fats, increases blood glucose.

Question 19

Name the functions of prolactin

Answer 19

Initiating and maintaining lactation, also screwed during periods of sleep.

Question 20

What secretes the hormones t3 and t4?

Answer 20

The thyroid gland. .

Question 21

What does FSH do?

Answer 21

The follicle stimulating hormone stimulates production of sperm in the testes, oestrogen in the ovaries, maturation of ovarian follicles and ovulation

Question 22

What does LH do?

Answer 22

Luteinising hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone by the testes; progesterone by the corpus luteum (women)

Question 23

What does ADH do?

Answer 23

Antidiuretic hormone reduces urine output, determined by the osmotic pressure of the blood surrounding the osmoreceptors.

Question 24

What deficiency lead to goitre?

Answer 24

Dietary iodine deficiency > can lead to increase of TSH secretion > enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Question 25

Describe how calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.

Answer 25

Promotes storage of calcium in bone cells, inhibits re absorption of calcium in the kidney tubules.

Question 26

Compare type 1 & 2 diabetes mellitus
1. Age of onset
2. Main causes
3. Family history

Answer 26

1) type 1 usually childhood, type 2 adulthood
2) type 1 autoimmune, type 2 obesity/lack of exercise
3) type 1 rare, type 2 common

Question 27

What is tetany

Answer 27

Characterised by inward bending of hands, forearms and feet, caused by hypocalcaemia. Low blood calcium > increases excitability of peripheral nerves.