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Bio: 5 - The Endocrine System > Endrocrine Organs and Hormones > Flashcards

Endrocrine Organs and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

the organs of the endocrine system

A
  • the hypothalamus
  • the pituitary
  • the thyroid
  • the parathyroid glands
  • the adrenal glands
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2
Q

the hypothalamus

A

this is the bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems

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3
Q

what does it do?

A

it releases hormones, which is mediated by a number of factors including projections from other parts of the brain, chemo- and caroreceptors in the blood vessels, and negative feedback from other hormones

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4
Q

negative feedback

A

here, the final hormone (product) of a pathway inhibits hormones (or enzymes) earlier in the pathway, maintaining homeostasis

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5
Q

what does the hypothalamus act on?

A

it stimulates the anterior pituitary gland through paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects the two organs

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6
Q

what tropic hormones does the hypothalamus release?

A 
GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GHRH - growth hormone-releasing hormone
TRH - thyroid-releasing hormone
CRF- corticotropin-releasing factor
PIF (dopamine) - prolactin- inhibiting factor
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7
Q

GnRH

A

this hormone promotes the release of follice-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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8
Q

GHRH

A

this promotes the release of growth hormone

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9
Q

TRH

A

promotes release of TRH

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10
Q

CRF

A

promotes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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11
Q

PIF

A

inhibits the release of prolactin

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12
Q

how does the hypothalamus interact with the posterior pituitary gland?

A

via axons of nerves in the hypothalamus

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13
Q

ADH and Oxytocin

A

these are synthesized in the hypothalamus and then travel down the axons to the posterior pituitary where they are released into the bloodstream

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14
Q

the pituitary gland

A

subdivided into the anterior and posterior pituitary

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15
Q

what does the anterior pituitary release? (Mnemonic)

A

FLAT PEG

  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • Prolactin
  • Endorphins
  • GH

the first 4 are tropic hormones (these hormones work by causing the release of another hormone at the organ level) and the last 3 are direct hormones

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16
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

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17
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

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18
Q

ACTH

A

acth promotes synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

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19
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid

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20
Q

prolactin

A

promotes milk production

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21
Q

endorphins

A

decrease perception of pain and cause euphoria

22
Q

growth hormone

A

promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues. it raises blood glucose concentrations

23
Q

The Posterior Pituitary

A

this releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: ADH and Oxytocin

24
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin is secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity and increases reabsorption of water in THE COLLECTING DUCT of the nephron, increasing blood volume and decreasing blood osmolarity

25
Q

Oxytocin

A

is secreted during childbirth and promotes uterine contractions. it also promotes milk ejection and may be involved in bonding behavior. it is unusual in that it has a positive feedback loop

26
Q

The thyroid

A

this is located at the base of the neck in front of the trachea; it produces three key hormones:

  • triiodothyronine
  • thyroxine
  • calcitonin
27
Q

T3 and T4

A

these are produced by follicular cells and contain iodine. they increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids. thyroid hormones are required for proper neurological and physical development in children

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

is produced by parafollicular (C) cells
it decreases plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, and promoting calcium storage in the bone

-calciTONin = TONes down calcium

29
Q

The Paraythyroid glands

A

these release PTH

30
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone - this increases blood calcium concentrations

  • PTH decreases excretion of calcium by the kidneys and increases bone resorption directly to increase blood calcium conc.
  • it activates vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut
  • PTH promotes resorption of phosphate from bone and reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney, but vitamin D promotes absorption of phosphate from the gut; these two effects on phosphate conc somewhat cancel each other out
31
Q

The Adrenal Cortex

A

it produces three classes of steroid hormones
-glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
cortical sex hormones

32
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol and cortisone
these increase blood glucose conc, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit the immune system, and participate in the stress response.

33
Q

what hormone stimulates the release of glucocorticoids?

A

ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOtropic hormone)

34
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone
this promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thus increasing water reabsorption.
it also increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion

35
Q

what regulates Aldosterone?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, NOT ATCH

36
Q

cortical sex hormones

A

these include androgens (like testosterone) and estrogens in both males and females

37
Q

The Adrenal Medulla

A

it is derived from the nervous system and secretes catecholamines into the bloodstream

38
Q

Catecholamines

A

these include epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are involved in the fight-or-flight (sympathetic) response

39
Q

what do these hormones do?

A 
they increase glycogenolysis
increase basal metabolic rate
increase heart rate
dilate the bronchi
alter blood flow
40
Q

the endocrine pancres

A

it produces hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis

41
Q

what hormones does it produce?

A

glucagon
insulin
somatostatin

42
Q

glucagon

A

this is produced by alpha-cells and raises blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

43
Q

insulin

A

this is produced by beta-cells and lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating uptake by cells and anabolic processes, like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

44
Q

somatostatin

A

produced by the gamma-cells and inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

45
Q

the gonads

A

these produce hormones that are involved in the development and maintenance of the reporductive systems and secondary sex characteristics

46
Q

pineal gland

A

releases melatonin, which helps to regulate circadian rhythms

47
Q

other organs that are not considered part of the endocrine system but release hormones

A

stomach
kidneys
heart
thymus

48
Q

stomach

A

secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin

49
Q

kidneys

A

these secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (red blood cells) in response to low oxygen levels in the blood

50
Q

the heart

A

the atria of the heart secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
this promotes exretion of slat and water in the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria (high blood volume)

51
Q

the thymus

A

secretes thymosin, which is important for proper T-cell development

Bio: 5 - The Endocrine System (3 decks)

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