Endothelial Function

Question 0

Increased intima-media thickness is associated with greater atherosclerotic risk, true or false?

Answer 0

True my friend true

Question 1

What are the 3 main layers of a conduit artery? Name them from inside to out.

Answer 1

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Question 2

What are the 4 main steps of atherosclerosis?

Answer 2

1) endothelial dysfunction
2) tunica media hyperplasia
3) fibrous plaque formation
4) unstable plaque rupture

Question 3

What are the 4 main uses of Nitric oxide (NO) in a healthy endothelium?

Answer 3

• Vasomotor control - endothelium dependant vasodilation
• anti inflammatory - leukocyte adhesion and migration inhibition
• anti-thrombotic - platelet adhesion and aggregation inhibition
• anti-hypertrophic - VSMC (vascular smooth muscle cells) proliferation and migration inhibition

Question 4

Do you know how arterial dilation is an endothelium-dependant nitric oxide mediated mechanism and how it all works?

Answer 4

Yes I should bloody well think you do, we spent weeks babbling on about it for our dissertation !!

Question 5

What are the 5 mechanism that are thought to contribute towards endothelial dysfunction?

Answer 5

• Loss of nitric oxide production (reduced eNOS protein expression in endothelium. And reduced phosphorylation of eNOS when activated)
• Augmented reactive oxygen species production
• Reduced antioxidant defence
• Low-grade inflammation
• Smooth-muscle alterations

Question 6

What is the most common method of measuring endothelial function?

Answer 6

Flow mediated dilation (FMD)

If you didn’t get that your a dumbass!

Question 7

People who have hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, stroke coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypercholestrolemia, atherosclerosis , diabetes and smokers, are all very likely to display endothelial dysfunction, true or false?

Answer 7

True ( basically anyone who is considered unhealthy is likely to have endothelial dysfunction, it is even present in some people who are considered healthy)

Question 8

Laminar stress is detected by…..?

Answer 8

Mechanotransducers in endothelial cells

Question 9

Exercise training causes increased nitric oxide bioavailability through increased NO production as a result of increased eNOS expression and phosphorylation? True or false?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Exercise training causes decreased NADPH oxidase and decreased subunit expression which mediate ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation. True or false?

Answer 10

Thats True

Question 11

Exercise training of a moderate intensity increases ROS detoxification. True or false?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Extremely intense exercise training can cause reduced resistance vessel endothelial function. Why does this occur?

Answer 12

It is thought to cause a depletion in antioxidant capacity (Circulator antioxidants are reduced)

Question 13

Wisloff et al (2007) found greater improvements in FMDand Vo2peak with aerobic interval training than with moderate continuous training. What was Wisloffs protocol? And who were the participants?

Answer 13

4x4 min intervals at 90% peak HR vs moderate continuos (45min) at 70-75% peak HR
In heart failure patients

Question 14

Exercise using a large amount of muscle mass exerts a whole body FMD effect. Is this statement true???

Answer 14

It certainly is

Question 15

After an initial FMD improvement within a few weeks of exercise training vascular remodelling follows. What is the term used to describe enlargement of the artery?

Answer 15

Arteriogenesis

Question 16

Resistance training is effective at improving FMD when used in combination with aerobic exercise. However under what conditions can resistance training be effective on its own?

Answer 16

In individuals with severely reduced FMD and when involving low weight ps and high repetitions

Question 17

Intense exercise can be beneficial for endothelial function, provided there is adequate time for recovery between sessions.
True or false?

Answer 17

True. However it is of suitable for everyone.

Question 18

Why is interval exercise thought to be superior to continuous training for improving endothelial function?

Answer 18

The oscillations o work rate cause oscillations in blood flow and therefore repeatedly exposes the endothelium to the shear stresses.