Endocrinr Flashcards
Cushing syndrome
associated with delayed puberty and growth failure in children and adolescents.
Patients have an excess of androgens, not estrogen.
Gynecomastia
-Severe nocturnal hypoglycemia stimulates counterregulatory hormones, such as glucagon, to be released from the liver. The high levels of glucagon in the systemic circulation result in high FBG by 7 a.m.
-The condition is due to overtreatment with the evening and/or bedtime insulin (dose is too high). More common in people with type 1 DM.
Somogyi phenomenon
normal physiologic event when hormonal surge in all people causing an elevation in the FBG occurs daily, early in the morning between 4 and 8 a.m. Without normal insulin responses, diabetics experience rising FBG levels. Healthy people can produce the insulin to combat this phenomenon.
Dawn Phenomenon
Myxedema
seen in patients with severe hypothyroidism.
It refers to the skin changes (thickened skin) seen in chronic severe hypothyroidism. It is a medical emergency with mortality rates exceeding 20%. It is treated with very high doses of thyroid hormone.
levels are the gold standard for diagnosis of Hashimoto disease
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)
Elevated levels confi rm diagnosis (normal TPO is <35 IU/mL
-These are the two types of antibodies that are positive in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Antithyroid peroxidase antibody is also known as antimicrosomal antibody and antithyroglobulin antibodies
component of thyroid hormones, which regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. Low levels result in hypothyroidism.
Iodine
Oral hypoglycemic agents that should not be used with should not be used with patients who have a history of bladder cancer or heart failure. This med classification causes fluid retention
Thiazolidinediones
tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes excessive catecholamine. It causes hypertension, diaphoresis (including sweaty palms), headaches, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hypermetabolism, and weight loss (not weight gain).
Pheochromocytoma
-Higher incidence in women (7:1 ratio). These women are also at higher risk for other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pernicious anemia (PA) and for osteopenia/osteoporosis due to increased metabolism.
-Classic Case: Middle-aged woman loses a large amount of weight rapidly with anxiety and insomnia. Cardiac symptoms (due to overstimulation) are palpitations, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, or premature atrial contractions. Warm and moist skin with increased perspiration.
Graves’ disease
positive thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb)( thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) and The thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO)
Graves’ disease dx
Pregnancy: For hyperthyroidism,
PTU is preferred treatment,
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
A1C ≥6.5%
or
FPG ≥126 mg/dL (fasting is no caloric intake for at least 8 hours)
or
Symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia) plus random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL
or
Two-hour plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL during an OGTT with a 75-g glucose load
this diabetes drug has:
-special warning on increased risk of cardiovascular mortality
-causes Hypoglycemia
-Causes weight gain
-Cheap
Sulfonylureas
(glipizide , glyburide, glimepiride)
diabetic drug:
-Not for HF (water retention)
-increased risk of fracture
-Avoid if bladder cancer or history of bladder cance, active liver disease, pregnancy.
thiazolidinedione (Pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia)
oral hypoglycemic agent
- may cause hypoglycemia
Meglitinines (Repaglinide (Prandin), nateglinide (Starlix)
