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Endocrinology Y2 > Endocrinology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Endocrinology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Inside to outside layers of the testis, what cells and what’s made there?

A

Inside is spermatozoa are formed, next layer outwards is the Sertoli cells which make sperm, and the outermost layer are the Leydig cells which make testosterone

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2
Q

Sertoli cells make..

A

sperm

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3
Q

Leydig cells make…

A

testosterone

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4
Q

Sertoli cells are stimulated by …

A

FSH

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5
Q

Leydig cells are stimulated by …

A

LH

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6
Q

What do men need oestrogen for and what is it made by

A

Converted from testosterone by aromatase and is needed for bone

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7
Q

Features of aromatase deficiency in males (3)

A
  • Tall oestrogen needed to close growth plates
  • Infertility or low sperm count
  • Osteoporosis Fractures from a young age
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8
Q

Features of aromatase deficiency in females (4)

A
  • Virilisation -> Changes that make a female develop male characteristics
  • Hirsutism
  • Deepening of the voice
  • Amenorrhoea
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9
Q

Where does the spermatozoa travel from testes?

A

Oviduct

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10
Q

Where is seminal fluid produced (4)

A
  • Small contribution from the epididymis/testis
  • MAINLY from the accessory sex glands:
    Seminal vesicles
    Prostate
    Bulbourethral glands
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11
Q

What happens to sperm to gain fertilising ability? (3)

A
  1. Loss of glycoprotein ‘coat’
  2. Change in surface membrane characteristics
  3. Develop whiplash movements of the tail
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12
Q

Where is a sperm capacitated

A
  • Takes place in ionic and proteolytic environment of the Fallopian tube
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13
Q

What is required for sperm capacitation (2)

A
  • Oestrogen dependent

- Ca2+ dependent

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14
Q

What receptor do sperm bind to on the ovum

A
  • Sperm binds to ZP3 (glycoprotein receptor on zona pellucida of ovum)
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15
Q

what happens when sperm binds to the ZP3 receptor on the ovum? what stimulates this?

A
  • Ca2+ influx into the sperm (stimulated by progesterone)
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16
Q

What enzyme breaks down the polysaccharide of the zone pellucida

A

hyaluronidase

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17
Q

What breaks down the zone pellucida

A
  • Release of hyaluronidase (breaks down polysaccharides) and proteolytic enzymes (break down protein)
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18
Q

Describe the acrosome reaction starting with sperm binding

A
  • Sperm binds to ZP3 (glycoprotein receptor on zona pellucida of ovum)
  • Ca2+ influx into the sperm (stimulated by progesterone)
  • Release of hyaluronidase (breaks down polysaccharides) and proteolytic enzymes (break down protein)
  • Spermatozoon penetrates zona pellucida
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19
Q

Where in the vagina does fertilisation occur

A

Fallopian tube

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20
Q

What reaction does fertilisation trigger

A

cortical reaction

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21
Q

What happens in the cortical reaction

A

 Cortical granules release molecules which degrade the zona pellucida (e.g. ZP2/ZP3) PREVENTS FURTHER SPERM FROM BINDING

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22
Q

How long does it take for the zygote to move down Fallopian tube to uterus

A

3-4 days

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23
Q

How long is the zygote a free living unbound ting

A

About 9-10 days

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24
Q

2 phases of implantation?

A

ATTACHMENT phase

DECIDUALISATION phase

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25
Q

What happens during the ATTACHMENT phase

A

Outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface epithelium

Followed by DECIDUALISATION phase

26
Q

What happens during the DECIDUALISATION phase (brief)

A

Changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue (within a few hours)- allows it to receive the fertilised egg

27
Q

Wha hormone is dominant in attachment of the egg to the uterus over what

A

Progesterone > oestrogen

28
Q

what is leukaemia inhibitory factor

A

from endometrial secretory glands (and blastocyst?) stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells

29
Q

what secretes leukaemia inhibitory factor

A

endometrial secretory glands

30
Q

What stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells

A

leukaemia inhibitory factor
from endometrial secretory glands
(and a bit of IL-11 )

31
Q

2 hormones involved in attachment phase?

A
  • IL-11 and leukaemia inhibitory factor
32
Q

decidua is …

A

thick layer of modified mucous membrane which lines the uterus during pregnancy and is shed with afterbirth

33
Q

What endometrial changes take place due to progesterone? (4)

A

Glandular epithelial secretion (nutrients)
Glycogen accumulation in stromal cell cytoplasm (stromal cells are layer under epithelium)
Growth of capillaries (increased blood supply for placenta)
Increased vascular permeability ( Oedema

34
Q

Factors involved in the endometrial changes of progesterone?

A

IL-11, histamine, certain prostaglandins, TGFbeta (promotes angiogenesis

35
Q

hCG is produced by what

A

Placenta

36
Q

hCG acts on what receptors

A

LH receptors

37
Q

Purpose of hCG?

A

Acts like a gonadotrophin in the absence of LH/FSH (due to prolactin inhibition)

38
Q

what does a urine pregnancy test test

A

hCG

39
Q

How many weeks does it take for hCG in plasma to peak during prenancy

A

about 8

40
Q

What is the dominant reproductive hormone throughout pregnancy

A

Progesterone

41
Q

where is PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN PRODUCTION in the FIRST 40 DAYS

A
  • Produced by CORPUS LUTEUM (follicle that released the ovum)
42
Q

what stimulates PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN PRODUCTION in the FIRST 40 DAYS

A

 Stimulated by hCG (produced by trophoblasts) and acts on LH receptors
- Essential for developing fetoplacental unit

43
Q

What cells produce hCG during pregnancy

A

trophoblasts

44
Q

From day 40 of pregnancy, where are oestrogens sourced from

A

Placenta

45
Q

DHEAS converted by X into oestrogens

A

Placenta

46
Q

What produces DHEAS

A

mother and foetus

47
Q

What maternal hormones increase during pregnancy (6)

A
  • ACTH- can cause erroneous Cushing’s diagnosis
  • Adrenal steroids
  • Prolactin If someone has a prolactinoma then you have to use MRI to track prolactinoma size, OR can measure visual fields in each trimester
  • IGF1 (stimulated by placental GH-variant)
  • Iodothyronines (increased demand for thyroid hormones in pregnancy)
  • PTH related peptides
48
Q

What maternal hormones decrease during pregnancy (6)

A
  • Gonadotrophins
  • Pituitary GH
  • TSH
49
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: ACTH

A

Increases

50
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: Prolactin

A

Increases

51
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: adrenal steroids

A

Increases

52
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: IGF1

A

Increases

53
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: Iodothyronines

A

Increases

54
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: PTH related peptides

A

Increases

55
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: gonadotrophin

A

Decreases

56
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: Pituitary GH

A

Decreases

57
Q

During pregnancy this hormone goes up or down: TSH

A

Decreases

58
Q

What hormones are involved in parturition and ions (4)

A

calcium, driven partly by oestrogen and inhibited by progesterone, Oxytoxin

59
Q

What hormone inhibits parturition

A

Progesterone

60
Q

What drives parturition (3)

A

Oxytocin, oestrogen and calcium entry

61
Q

What hormone promotes milk ejaculation

A

Oxytocin

62
Q

What hormone promotes milk syntheiss

A

prolactin

Endocrinology Y2 (18 decks)

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