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physio- exam 2 > endocrinology lecture 1 > Flashcards

endocrinology lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how does the endocrine system differ from the other communication system?

A
  • routes of communication

- onset & duration of effects

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2
Q

what is the endocrine specificity on the target cell based on?

A

based on receptors on target cells

cell must contain appropriate receptor to be activated

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3
Q

target cells impart ________ via receptor expression

A

specificity

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4
Q

most hormones are ______

A

peptides (small proteins)

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5
Q

how does glycosylation effect the function of peptide hormones?

A
  • help enhance specificity of hormone

- help protect hormone from degridation

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6
Q

t/f: some lipid hormones function as neurotransmitters as well

A

FALSE

its peptide hormones that can function as NT’s

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7
Q

what are the 3 stages of peptide hormone synthesis?

A

preprohormone

prohormone

hormone

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8
Q

what is a preprohormone? how is it made?

A
  • 1st step of peptide hormone synthesis
  • comes off ribosomes with extra AA’s, gets folded, then passes thru rough ER
  • in the rough ER, the extra AA’s are cleaved
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9
Q

where are pre hormones sent for further processing?

A
  • sent to golgi: packed into vesicles

any extra AA’s are cleaved in the vesicles

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10
Q

where are peptide hormones stored? what stimulates their eventual release?

A

stored in secretory vesicles

the endocrine cell being stimulated causes their release

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11
Q

t/f: a peptide hormone is released from the endocrine cell along with its pro-fragments

A

true

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12
Q

what is the importance of packaging and storing peptide hormones?

A
  • gives cell a reserve of hormone

- pre, and pro, hormone steps provide regulation for cell, as well as feedback

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13
Q

lipid hormones are derived from what?

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

_______ determine which lipid hormone is produced

A

enzymes

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15
Q

t/f: steroid hormones are lipid hormones

A

true

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16
Q

what kinds of organs make steroid hormones?

A

testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, placenta, some cells in the brain

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17
Q

there are ______ different classes of steroids

A

5

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18
Q

cells making steroids get cholesterol from _____

A

LDL

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19
Q

steroidogenic cells have numerous _______ receptors on their plasma membranes

A

LDS

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20
Q

________ bring cholesterol into steroid-producing cells

A

endosomes

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21
Q

steroidogenic cells store cholesterol _______

A

esters

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22
Q

what is the effect of storing cholesterol esters in the steroidogenic cells?

A

inhibits de novo synthesis

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23
Q

what is the role of enzymes in steroidogenic cells?

A

different steroidogenic cells make different steroids based off which enzymes they have

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24
Q

steroid hormone synthesis is typically stimulated by what?

A

peptide hormones from other glands

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25
Q

_____________ releases cholesterol from stores within steroidogenic cells

A

cholesterol esterase

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26
Q

what protein facilitates intracellular transport of cholesterol?

A

StAR

steroid acute regulatory protein

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27
Q

cholesterol is converted to steroids by _____ enzymes in the mitochondria

A

P450 enzymes

cytochromes

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28
Q

how is steroid hormone synthesis regulated?

A
  • upregulated by synthesis of enzymes
  • regulatory peptide hormones stimulate steroid genesis
  • increase in the # of steroidogenic cells
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29
Q

t/f: steroid hormone precursors can be stored

A

FALSE

they are all lipid based

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30
Q

what 2 enzymes are integral for steroid biosynthesis? (these were the 2 highlighted enzymes in the notes packet)

A

17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

aromatase

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31
Q

how are steroidogenic enzymes named?

A

named for the genes that encode them

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32
Q

most reactions of steroid biosynthesis are _____

A

unidirectional

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33
Q

during steroid biosynthesis, cholesterol is first turned into ________, a class of hormone

A

progestagens (progesterone)

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34
Q

progestagens can be converted into what other classes of hormones?

A

corticosteroids

androgens

estrogens

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35
Q

___________ are a class of hormones derived from arachanoic acid

A

eicosanoids

36
Q

amine hormones are all derived from the amino acid _______

A

tyrosine

37
Q

what hormones are in the “eicosanoids” class?

A

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

38
Q

thyroid hormones are steroid hormones made by attaching ________, then dimerizing

A

iodine

39
Q

what are the 2 thyroid hormones?

A

triiodothyronine (T3)

thyroxine (T4)

40
Q

which of the thyroid hormones is more common in circulation?

A

T4

41
Q

thyroid hormones are steroid-like with respect to _________ and ________

A

solubility and receptors

42
Q

where are catacholamines synthesized?

A

in the:

adrenal gland (medulla)

hypothalamus

43
Q

what hormones are in the catecholamine class

A
  • norepinephrine (NE)
  • epinephrine (E)
  • dopamine (DA)
44
Q

___________ are common neurotransmitters

A

catecholamines

45
Q

catacholamines are ______-like in respect to solubilityy and reseptors

A

peptide-like

46
Q

most hormones are secreted in _____-____

A

short-bursts

47
Q

timing of hormone release is based on what?

A

upstream signals

48
Q

what are examples of hormones released in a circadian pattern?

A

GH & cortisol

GH secreted at night, Cortisol secreted during the day

49
Q

what are the 3 factors that control hormone secretion patterns?

A

1) plasma concentrations of a nutrient
2) neural control
3) hormonal control

50
Q

______ control leads to the “short burst” secretion of hormones

A

neural

51
Q

lipophilic hormones require ___________ to travel through the blood

A

carrier proteins

52
Q

the use of carrier proteins affects hormone ________

A

availability

53
Q

how are hormonal signals inactivated?

A

by the metabolism

  • proteolytic enzymes, peptolytic enzymes
54
Q

degradation of a hormone in the blood is especially a problem for water-soluble hormones, such as _________ and _______

A

catecholamines & peptides

55
Q

where are receptors for hydrophilic hormones found?

A

on cell surface (on plasma membrane)

56
Q

receptor activation from a hormone triggers a _____________

A

signal transduction pathway (2nd messenger)

57
Q

what happens during ionotropic responses?

A
  • involves ions, rapid response

- generally means opening ion channels

58
Q

what are the effects of a metabotropic response?

A
  • involves metabolism, so its more delayed

- alters cell activity (can cause release of secretory vesicles)

59
Q

t/f: both rapid and delayed responses are possible after hormone receptor activation

A

true

60
Q

receptors for lipophilic hormones are _________

A

intracellular (cytosol) and/or nuclear

61
Q

a receptor + its ligand forma a “___________” in lipophilic hormones

A

DNA-binding protein

62
Q

what does a DNA-binding protein do?

A

regulates transcription

  • can stimulate or inhibit
63
Q

what are some non-genomic actions of membrane receptors for steroid hormones?

A
  • open ion channels, leads to an influx of calcium

- this is a much more rapid response than protein synthesis

64
Q

where is the hypothalamus found?

A

on the floor of the diencephalon

65
Q

the pituitary gland lies just below the hypothalamus, in the ___________

A

sella turcica

66
Q

t/f: the pituitary gland, along with the hypothalamus, lies within the dura of the brain

A

FALSE

pituitary gland lies outside the dura

67
Q

what is the name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

adenohyphosis

68
Q

what is the name for the posterior pituitary?

A

neurohyphosis

69
Q

the ________ connects the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

70
Q

the adenohyphosis is made from an out pocketing of ___________

A

oral epithelium

Its NOT neural tissue

71
Q

t/f: the 2 parts of the pituitary differ both in their developmental origin and their connection to the hypothalamus

A

true

72
Q

the ________ pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus, and does not directly synthesize any hormones

A

posterior

73
Q

where are the hormones released from the pituitary synthesized?

A

synthesized in the neuronal cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

74
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary are released in response to what?

A

action potential

hormones released into capillaries of systemic circulation

75
Q

what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A
  • oxytocin (acts on smooth mm)

- vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

76
Q

what is the adenohypophysis regulated by?

A

by hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons

77
Q

hypothalamic neurons secrete ________ hormones, which act on the ANTERIOR pituitary. where do the axons of these neurons lie?

A

hypophysiotropic (or releasing) hormones

axons lie in the median eminence

78
Q

in the anterior pituitary, there are _____ different cell types that produce _____ primary hormones

A

5 cell types

6 primary hormones

79
Q

most hypophysiotropic hormones are named for what?

A
  • named for the anterior pituitary hormone they regulate

- have the suffix “trope”

80
Q

what are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

there’s 6 main ones

A

1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) luteinizing hormone (LH)
3) growth hormone (GH)
4) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
5) prolactin (PRL)
6) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

81
Q

____________ is a precursor polypeptide synthesized in corticotrophs

A

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

82
Q

what is POMC cleaved to yield?

A

cleaved to yield multiple peptides with varied actions and target tissues

83
Q

what does the complexity of the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary system provide?

A
  • multiple control sites

- permits amplification of initial signal

84
Q

the release of hypophysiotropic hormones is also controlled by other hormones via ____________

A

feedback mechanisms

85
Q

long-loop negative feedback is self-regulated by what?

A

by product/hormone of the ultimate target tissue

86
Q

short-loop negative feedback occurs when?

A

when the hormone from the 2nd gland in the axis affects the action of the 1st gland

physio- exam 2 (5 decks)

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