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Physiology II > Endocrinology: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Endocrinology: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the thyroid.
Stimulates release of thyroid hormone, maintains thyroid cell size, & produces T3 and T4.

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2
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the adrenal gland.
Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex effecting glucose metabolism.

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3
Q

Prolactin

A

Secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Targets the mammary gland.
A peptide that regulates milk production.

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4
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the melanocytes.
Stimulated melanocytes to increase melanin production.

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5
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the bone, adipose, & muscles.
Stimulating effect in the growth of the body during childbirth.

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6
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the male testes.
Promotes maturation of sperm in males.

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7
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the female ovaries.
Stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries.

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8
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Secreted by posterior pituitary.
Targets the kidneys, sweat glands, & blood vessels.
Promoted the reabsorption of H2O in the kidneys.

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9
Q

Oxytocin

A

Secreted by posterior pituitary.
Targets the uterus and mammary glands.
Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle walls of uterus & mammary gland release milk.

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10
Q

Melatonin

A

Secreted by pineal gland.
Targets the sleep and wake cycle parts of the brain.
Releases melatonin and is produced cyclically dark periods.

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11
Q

Thyroid Hormone (T3 / T4)

A

Secreted by thyroid gland.
Targets most cells of the body.
Crucial for brain maturation during fetal development.

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12
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by thyroid gland.
Targets the bone, gut, & kidney.
Produced by negative feedback to lower Ca2+ levels if they get too high.

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13
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Secreted by parathyroid gland.
Targets the bone, gut, & kidney.
Promotes calcium release from tissue & enhanced reabsorption of Ca2+ by kidneys.

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14
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Secreted by adrenal medulla.
Targets the smooth muscle & blood vessels.
Enhances fight or flight from the sympathetic nervous system.

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15
Q

Aldosterone

A

Secreted by adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa).
Targets the kidneys.
Increases reabsorption of salt & H2O therefore increasing blood volume & pressure.

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16
Q

Cortisol

A

Secreted by adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata).
Targets the liver & lots of cells in the body.
Has glucose sparing effects of GH.

17
Q

Androgens

A

Secreted by adrenal cortex (zona reticularis).
Targets the sex organs.
Stimulates the growth of pubic hair.

18
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by pancreas (alpha cells).
Targets the liver, skeletal muscle, & adipose.
Raise blood glucose by increasing liver glycogen breakdown.

19
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by pancreas (beta cells).
Targets the liver, skeletal muscle, & adipose.
Lower blood glucose by ^ glucose uptake & utilization by cells & ^ glycogen production in liver & skeletal muscle.

20
Q

Nervous System

A

Transmission across synaptic cleft.
By neurotransmitters.
Rapid changes.

21
Q

Endocrine System

A

Transmission through the blood stream.
By hormones.
Prolonged response.

22
Q

Neuroendocrine Cells

A

Release hormones into the blood as a response to stimulation of nervous system to reach target tissue some distance away.
Ex. adrenal medulla - norepinephrine / epinephrine

23
Q

Paracrine

A

Cell secretion products diffuse into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells.

24
Q

Autocrine

A

Cell secretion products affect the function of the same cell by binding to cell surface receptors (self-regulation).

25
Q

Cytokine

A

Secreted cell proteins function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrines & often act on a broad spectrum of target cells (immune system).

26
Q

Endocrine & Nervous System modulation of signals

A

Endocrine: amplitude modulated
• strength of signal -> amount of hormone
• onset within minutes

Nervous: frequency-modulated signals.
• number of action potentials produced by neu determines strength of signal
• onset within milliseconds

27
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Derivative of cholesterol.

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Estrogens
Progesterone
Testosterone

28
Q

Protein Hormones

A

Stored in endocrine cells until needed.
Bind to protein receptor on outside of cell.

Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin (CT)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Insulin
Glucagon

29
Q

Glycoprotein Hormones

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

30
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Stored in endocrine cells until needed.
Bind to protein receptor on outside of cell.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Somatostatin (SS)
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GRH)
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)

31
Q

Amino Acid Derivatives Hormones

A

Derivative of tyrosine.

Amines: Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (Epi), & Melatonin

Iodinated Amino Acids: Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)

32
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Signaling molecules made by the oxidation of arachidonate acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e. prostaglandins).

33
Q

Prohormones

A

Inactivated hormones

Physiology II (1 decks)

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