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Phase 2a - Endocrinology > Endocrinology Conditions D > Flashcards

Endocrinology Conditions D Flashcards

Extra Knowledge

1
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Description

A

benign tumour near pituitary gland

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2
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Causes (1)

A

1) neoplasm of Ratke’s pouch (embryological structure)

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3
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Pathophysiology (1)

A

1) benign tumour infiltrates surrounding structures

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4
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Symptoms (3)

A

1) growth failure (50% of children)
2) low libido
3) amenorrhoea (F)

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5
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Comorbidities (2)

A

1) bitemporal hemianopia

2) hypopituitarism disorders

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6
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) MRI

2) CT

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7
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Management

A

1) transsphenoidal surgery

2) radiotherapy

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8
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Description

A

target cells don’t respond to PTH

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9
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Causes (1)

A

1) dysfunctional GPCRs

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10
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Pathophysiology (2)

A

1) dysfunctional GCPRs

2) target cells don’t respond to PTH

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11
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Symptoms (1)

A

1) hypocalcaemia symptoms

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12
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Signs (4)

A

1) short 4th and 5th metacarpals
2) round face
3) short stature
4) mental retardation

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13
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) hypocalcaemia

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14
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) high PTH

2) low Ca2+

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15
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Management (1)

A

1) alfacalcidol (vitamin D)

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16
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Description

A

decreased sex steroid secretion

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17
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Causes (2)

A

1) Turner’s syndrome (F)

2) Klinefelter’s syndrome (M)

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18
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Symptoms (1)

A

1) symptoms related to underlying cause

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19
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) delayed puberty

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20
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) high LH/FSH

2) low oestradiol/testosterone

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21
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Management (2)

A

1) oestrogen (F)

2) androgens (M)

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22
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Description

A

decreased sex steroid secretion

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23
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Causes (2)

A

1) Kallman’s syndrome

2) CNS tumours

24
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Symptoms (1)

A

1) symptoms related to underlying cause

25
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) delayed puberty

26
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Diagnosis (3)

A

1) low LH/FSH (secondary)
2) GnRH test, low LH/FSH (tertiary)
3) low oestradiol/testosterone

27
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Management (3)

A

1) human chorionic gonadotrophin
2) FSH
3) LH (F)

28
Q

Precocious Puberty - Description

A

early onset of puberty

29
Q

Precocious Puberty - Causes (2)

A

1) idiopathic (80% F, 30% M)

2) CNS pathology

30
Q

Precocious Puberty - Symptoms (1)

A

1) symptoms related to underlying cause

31
Q

Precocious Puberty - Signs (2)

A

1) secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years (F)

2) secondary sexual characteristics before 9 years (M)

32
Q

Precocious Puberty - Diagnosis (1)

A

1) GnRH test, LH:FSH ratio > 1

33
Q

Precocious Puberty - Management (1)

A

1) GnRH agonist (suppresses pulsatile GnRH secretion)

34
Q

Delayed Puberty - Description

A

late onset of puberty

35
Q

Delayed Puberty - Causes (3)

A

1) idiopathic
2) hypogonadism
3) functional causes, e.g. poorly controlled T1DM

36
Q

Delayed Puberty - Symptoms (1)

A

1) symptoms related to underlying cause

37
Q

Delayed Puberty - Signs (5)

A

1) lack of breast development by 13 years (F)
2) lack of pubic hair by 14 years (F)
3) absent menarche by 15 years (F)
4) lack of testicular enlargement by 14 years (M)
5) lack of pubic hair by 15 years (M)

38
Q

Delayed Puberty - Comorbidities (2)

A

1) reduced peak bone mass

2) osteoporosis

39
Q

Delayed Puberty - Diagnosis (1)

A

1) low oestradiol/testosterone

40
Q

Delayed Puberty - Management (3)

A

1) oestrogen (F)
2) androgen (M)
3) treat underlying cause

41
Q

Hypernatraemia - Description

A

increased serum sodium

42
Q

Hypernatraemia - Causes (3)

A

1) fluid loss
2) diabetes insipidus
3) excess saline - iatrogenic

43
Q

Hypernatraemia - Pathophysiology (2)

A

1) decreased blood water

2) increased sodium osmolality

44
Q

Hypernatraemia - Symptoms (6)

A

1) thirst
2) weakness
3) lethargy
4) irritability
5) confusion
6) coma

45
Q

Hypernatraemia - Diagnosis (4)

A

1) high Na+
2) high albumin +
3) high urea
4) high PCV

46
Q

Hypernatraemia - Management (2)

A

1) oral water

2) IV glucose (5%, 1L/6h)

47
Q

Hyponatraemia - Description

A

decreased serum sodium

48
Q

Hyponatraemia - Causes (5)

A

1) SISADH (25%)
2) drip arm (20%
3) Addison’s disease
4) diuretics
5) diarrhoea/vomiting

49
Q

Hyponatraemia - Symptoms (1)

A

dependant on speed of onset

1) asymptomatic -> coma

50
Q

Hyponatraemia - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) central pontine myeliolysis (iatrogenic, rapid recorrection)

51
Q

Hyponatraemia - Diagnosis (4)

A

1) low plasma osmolality
2) high urine osmolality
3) high TSH (exclude hypothyroidism)
4) high cortisol (exclude Addison’s disease)

52
Q

Hyponatraemia - Management (3)

A

1) fluid restriction
2) 0.9% saline
3) treat underlying cause

53
Q

Hypoglycaemia - Description

A

decreased plasma glucose

54
Q

Hypoglycaemia - Causes (2)

A

1) insulin (iatrogenic)

2) sulphonylurea (iatrogenic)

55
Q

Hypoglycaemia - Symptoms (3)

A

1) autonomic symptoms, e.g. sweating
2) neurogylcopenic symptoms, e.g. confusion
3) severe neuroglycopenic symptoms, e.g. coma

56
Q

Hypoglycaemia - Diagnosis (1)

A

1) alert value, plasma glucose < 3.9mM

57
Q

Hypoglycaemia - Management (4)

A

1) 15g fast acting carbohydrate
2) long acting carbohydrate
3) adjust medications
4) patient education (recognition and treatment)

Phase 2a - Endocrinology (5 decks)

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