Endocrinology Conditions D Flashcards
Extra Knowledge
Craniopharyngioma - Description
benign tumour near pituitary gland
Craniopharyngioma - Causes (1)
1) neoplasm of Ratke’s pouch (embryological structure)
Craniopharyngioma - Pathophysiology (1)
1) benign tumour infiltrates surrounding structures
Craniopharyngioma - Symptoms (3)
1) growth failure (50% of children)
2) low libido
3) amenorrhoea (F)
Craniopharyngioma - Comorbidities (2)
1) bitemporal hemianopia
2) hypopituitarism disorders
Craniopharyngioma - Diagnosis (2)
1) MRI
2) CT
Craniopharyngioma - Management
1) transsphenoidal surgery
2) radiotherapy
Pseudoparathyroidism - Description
target cells don’t respond to PTH
Pseudoparathyroidism - Causes (1)
1) dysfunctional GPCRs
Pseudoparathyroidism - Pathophysiology (2)
1) dysfunctional GCPRs
2) target cells don’t respond to PTH
Pseudoparathyroidism - Symptoms (1)
1) hypocalcaemia symptoms
Pseudoparathyroidism - Signs (4)
1) short 4th and 5th metacarpals
2) round face
3) short stature
4) mental retardation
Pseudoparathyroidism - Comorbidities (1)
1) hypocalcaemia
Pseudoparathyroidism - Diagnosis (2)
1) high PTH
2) low Ca2+
Pseudoparathyroidism - Management (1)
1) alfacalcidol (vitamin D)
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Description
decreased sex steroid secretion
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Causes (2)
1) Turner’s syndrome (F)
2) Klinefelter’s syndrome (M)
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Symptoms (1)
1) symptoms related to underlying cause
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Comorbidities (1)
1) delayed puberty
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Diagnosis (2)
1) high LH/FSH
2) low oestradiol/testosterone
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Management (2)
1) oestrogen (F)
2) androgens (M)
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Description
decreased sex steroid secretion
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Causes (2)
1) Kallman’s syndrome
2) CNS tumours
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Symptoms (1)
1) symptoms related to underlying cause
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Comorbidities (1)
1) delayed puberty
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Diagnosis (3)
1) low LH/FSH (secondary)
2) GnRH test, low LH/FSH (tertiary)
3) low oestradiol/testosterone
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Management (3)
1) human chorionic gonadotrophin
2) FSH
3) LH (F)
Precocious Puberty - Description
early onset of puberty
Precocious Puberty - Causes (2)
1) idiopathic (80% F, 30% M)
2) CNS pathology
Precocious Puberty - Symptoms (1)
1) symptoms related to underlying cause
Precocious Puberty - Signs (2)
1) secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years (F)
2) secondary sexual characteristics before 9 years (M)
Precocious Puberty - Diagnosis (1)
1) GnRH test, LH:FSH ratio > 1
Precocious Puberty - Management (1)
1) GnRH agonist (suppresses pulsatile GnRH secretion)
Delayed Puberty - Description
late onset of puberty
Delayed Puberty - Causes (3)
1) idiopathic
2) hypogonadism
3) functional causes, e.g. poorly controlled T1DM
Delayed Puberty - Symptoms (1)
1) symptoms related to underlying cause
Delayed Puberty - Signs (5)
1) lack of breast development by 13 years (F)
2) lack of pubic hair by 14 years (F)
3) absent menarche by 15 years (F)
4) lack of testicular enlargement by 14 years (M)
5) lack of pubic hair by 15 years (M)
Delayed Puberty - Comorbidities (2)
1) reduced peak bone mass
2) osteoporosis
Delayed Puberty - Diagnosis (1)
1) low oestradiol/testosterone
Delayed Puberty - Management (3)
1) oestrogen (F)
2) androgen (M)
3) treat underlying cause
Hypernatraemia - Description
increased serum sodium
Hypernatraemia - Causes (3)
1) fluid loss
2) diabetes insipidus
3) excess saline - iatrogenic
Hypernatraemia - Pathophysiology (2)
1) decreased blood water
2) increased sodium osmolality
Hypernatraemia - Symptoms (6)
1) thirst
2) weakness
3) lethargy
4) irritability
5) confusion
6) coma
Hypernatraemia - Diagnosis (4)
1) high Na+
2) high albumin +
3) high urea
4) high PCV
Hypernatraemia - Management (2)
1) oral water
2) IV glucose (5%, 1L/6h)
Hyponatraemia - Description
decreased serum sodium
Hyponatraemia - Causes (5)
1) SISADH (25%)
2) drip arm (20%
3) Addison’s disease
4) diuretics
5) diarrhoea/vomiting
Hyponatraemia - Symptoms (1)
dependant on speed of onset
1) asymptomatic -> coma
Hyponatraemia - Comorbidities (1)
1) central pontine myeliolysis (iatrogenic, rapid recorrection)
Hyponatraemia - Diagnosis (4)
1) low plasma osmolality
2) high urine osmolality
3) high TSH (exclude hypothyroidism)
4) high cortisol (exclude Addison’s disease)
Hyponatraemia - Management (3)
1) fluid restriction
2) 0.9% saline
3) treat underlying cause
Hypoglycaemia - Description
decreased plasma glucose
Hypoglycaemia - Causes (2)
1) insulin (iatrogenic)
2) sulphonylurea (iatrogenic)
Hypoglycaemia - Symptoms (3)
1) autonomic symptoms, e.g. sweating
2) neurogylcopenic symptoms, e.g. confusion
3) severe neuroglycopenic symptoms, e.g. coma
Hypoglycaemia - Diagnosis (1)
1) alert value, plasma glucose < 3.9mM
Hypoglycaemia - Management (4)
1) 15g fast acting carbohydrate
2) long acting carbohydrate
3) adjust medications
4) patient education (recognition and treatment)
