Endocrinology and Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Hormones
A
-
Amine
- __Epinephrine/adrenaline (catecholamines)
-
Peptide
- __Insulin
-
Steroid
- __Testosterone/estrogen
2
Q
How Are Hormones Released/How Do They Travel?
A
- Released by endocrine organs
- Released into the blood, and travel through the blood
- Hormones have a short lifetime, however can have immediate to later effects
3
Q
How Do:
Cateholamine Hormones
Peptide Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Transduce Signals?
A
- Cateholamine and peptide hormones bind to surface receptors and induce a cascade of intracellular events; G protein coupled receptors
- Water soluble; therefore don’t diffuse across PM
- Steroid hormones can diffuse through PM because they are lipid soluble
- Bind to receptors in cytoplasm; ligan/receptor complex can act as a transcription factor
4
Q
How is Homeostasis Maintained?
A
- Negative feedback mechanisms
- If too much of something is being made, the negative feedback mechanism will tell the pathway to make less
5
Q
The Pancreas
A and B Cells
Glucagon and Insulin
A
- Pancreas secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) to maintain blood glucose levels
-
A cells secrete glucagon
- Glucagon is secreted in response to a decrease in blood glucose levels; stimulates the depolymerization of glycogen to glucose (liver) and release of fatty acids by fat cells
-
B cells secrete insulin
- Insulin is secreted in response to an increase in blood glucose levels; stimulates the uptake of glucose by liver/fat/muscle cells
6
Q
Paracrine and Autocrine
A
- Paracrine regulation is when the chemical that acts as a signal is released from one cell and influences a cell immediatley adjacent to it
- Autocrine regulation is when cells can release certain chemicals which they can then respond to themselves (think immunology)
7
Q
The Posterior Pituitary
A
- Releases oxytocin and ADH
- ADH is sythesized in the nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus; sent to the posterior pituitary
8
Q
Anterior Pituitary
A
- Secretes:
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Leutinizing hormone (LH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
9
Q
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Mast Cells
A
- Erythroctyes are red blood cells
- Leukocytes are white blood cells
- Mast cells release histamines which increase permeability to other immune cells
10
Q
Lymphocytes
A
-
T-cells
- Cell mediated response
- Help destruct foreign and harmful microorganisms and agents
- Helper T-cells, killer T-cells, suppressor T-cells
-
B cells__
- Humoral mediated response
- Can differentiate into plasma cells that generate and secrete antibodies
11
Q
General Antibody Structure
A
- Has a heavy chain and a light chain
- Heavy chain
- Constant domain
- Variable domain
- Variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J)
- Light chain
- Constant domain
- Variable domain
- V and J
12
Q
Antibody Binding and Diversification
A
- Specific amino acid epitopes bind to the antigen binding site on the antibody
- V regions of both the heavy and light chains make up the antigen binding site
- There are many many genes for the variable domains of the chains which can theoretically code for antigen binding sites that can recognize any epitope
13
Q
Antibody Isotypes
A
- IgA
- Found in milk
- IgD
- Function still slightly unknown
- IgE
- Parasitic immunity; binds to mast cells; allergic reaction
- IgG
- Can cross into placenta; most abundunt isotype; produced after IgM
- IgM
- Produced first
14
Q
T-Cell Receptor
A
- Made of two polypeptides that have constant and variable domains
- One polypeptide has V, D, and J; the other is devoid of D
- Again, the variable regions make up the antigen binding site
- T-cell receptors recognize antigen on either MHC class I or MHC class II (CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells, respectively)
15
Q
CD8+ Activation
A
- CD8+ cells are activated when their TCRs recognize antigen on MHC class I from an infected cell
- Activated CD8+ cells can induce apoptosis in other infected cells
