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YEAR 2 SEMESTER 2 > endocrinology anatomy > Flashcards

endocrinology anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

describe the location and surroundings of the hypothalamus

A
  • Thalamus makes up the wall of the third ventricle
  • Below thalamus is the hypothalamus
    o Also makes up part of inferior wall of 3rd ventricle
  • Anterior commissure is an anterior border to the hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamic sulus marks superior limit of hypothalamus
  • Inferiorly the optic nerve/ optic chiasm
  • Mamillary body is sometimes thought of as part of the hypothalamus
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2
Q

what nerves surround the base of the hypothalamus and what is the raised platform which the pituitary stalk sits on called

A

Olfactory nerve, optic tract, crus cerebri all together formt his diamond shaped area

  • Within this is the base of the hyppothalamus
  • Tuber cinerum is a raised platform upon this is the infundibulum aka the pituitary stalk
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3
Q

describe the cells within the hypothalamic nucleus and how they secrete hormones

A

The cells within these nuclei are able to make systemically active hormones

  • These hormones can travel down the axon of the magnocellular neurons
  • Axons pass down pituitary stalk
  • End of this stalk/ the axons is in the the pituitary gland
  • Then these hormones are secreted into the circulation from here
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4
Q

what are some of the important hypothalamic nuclei

A
  • Paraventricular Nucleus
  • Supraoptic nucleus
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Dorsomedial nucleus
  • Ventromedial nucleus
  • Posteroior nucleus
  • Mammillary body
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5
Q

where does the hypothalamus receive info from

A

Limbic system
- Emotion, memory, instinctive and learned behaviours
Circulating blood
- Physical, chemical and hormonal state
Reticular formation
- State of arousal
- Can go via the thalamus to the hypothalamus or directly
Autonomic NS
- Chemical constituents in fluid filled cavities
- Pressure in smooth muscle walls

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6
Q

where does the hypothalamus disperse info to

A 
Limbic system
-	Via the thalamus
-	Motor behaviour
Brainstem
-	Wakefulness and asleep
ANS
-	Internal organ control
Pitutary Gland
-	Secretes hormones
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7
Q

the pituitary gland - what is it, what are the 2 parts and their locations/ surroudings

A

Aka hypophys cerebri (meaning something hanging off the bottom of the brain)
- Functional output from hypothalamus
- Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
- Posterior = neurpophysis = neuronal
o Expansion of distal infundibulum
- Anterior = adenohypophysis = epithelial
o Upgrowth from roof of primitive oral cavity

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8
Q

explain what the pituitary fossa is - where it is and what the hole in the middle is called

A

Depression in the middle of the skull
Hypophysial fossa – or pituitary fossa
- Extension of dura that goes over top of this fossa
- creates a shelf with a hole in the middle for the infundibulum to travel through
- This is known as the seller diaphragm
- Seperates cavity from rest of cranial cavity

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9
Q

what hormones are made in the anterior pituitary and what do they do

A 
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
-	Adrenal gland production of sex hormones and corticosteroids
Luteinising Hormones (LH)
-	Same as below
Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)
-	Stimulates ovarian follicale and production of oestrogen and progesterone
Thyroid stimulation (TSH)
-	Thyroxine production from thyroid
Growth Hormone (GH)
-	Growth in epiphyseal cartilage
Prolactin (PL)
-	Lactogenesis
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10
Q

hormones made in the hypothalamus and what hormones do they promote/ inhibit

A 
ACTH
-	CRH promotes
LH and FSH
-	LRHR promotes
TSH
-	TRH promotes
GH
-	GHRH promotes
-	GHIH inhibits
PL
-	PRH promtoes
-	PIH inhibits
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11
Q

cells in the anterior pituitary and what they make

A 
Somatotrophs
-	GH
Mammotrophs
-	PL
Corticotrophs
-	Corticotrophin
Thyrotrophs
-	TSH
Gonadotrophs
-	FSH and LH
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12
Q

does the posterior pituitary make hormones?

A

Posterior pituitary isn’t making the hormones it’s just where the hormones are released into the systemic circulation

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13
Q

what hormones are released from the posterior pituitary and what hypothalamic nuclei make these

A

Oxytocin
- Milk production and uterine contraction
- Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) make this hormone
Vasopression (anti-diuretic hromone, ADH)
- Increase water uptake in the kidneys
- Supraoptic nucleus (SON) make this hormone

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14
Q

blood supply to the pituitary

A

Superior hypophyseal artery is one of the earliest branches of the internal carotid artery
- Comes off at the base of the infidibulum to create the pituitary portal system
- Also important as general blood supply
Inferior hypophyseal artery is another branch of the I. carotid artery

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15
Q

veins draining the pituitary

A

Veins

  • Drain sinusoids
  • Carry hormones away from pituitary gland into systemic circulation
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16
Q

what 2 hormones does the thyroid produce

A
  • Iodine containing hormones
    o T3 (tirhydorthyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
    o T3 more metabolically active, T4 secreted more by throid then activate in systemic circulation
    o Regulate basal metabolic rate
    o Secretion regulated by TSH from anterior pituitary gland
  • Calcitonin
    o Controls blood calcium levels
    o Not under control of pituitary – negative feedback loop with blood calcium
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17
Q

whats special about the thyroid glands storage capacity

A

Stores hormones in inactive form in extracellular compartment
- Other organs can’t do this – instead store in intracellular compartments

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18
Q

what is the location of the thyroid in relation to muscles

A
  • Deep to sternocleidomastoid muscle

- Deep to sternothyroid muscle

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19
Q

blood supply of the thyroid

A

From 2 sources

  • Branch of subclavian artery called the thyrocervical trunk, brach from this called inferior thyroid artery and
  • Branch of the external carotid called the superior thyroid artery
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20
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve what does it supply and whats its relevance to the thyroid

A
  • Supllies larynx

- It’s very close to the thyroid and is commonly damaged during thyroid surgery

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21
Q

venous drainage of the thyroid

A
  • Supeior thyroid vein
  • Middle thyroid vein
  • Inferior thyroid vein
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22
Q

histology of the thyroid

A
  • Unique as it has extracellular spaces to store thyroid hormones
  • Follicles surrounded by cuboidal epithelial cells
  • Have extracellula rspace amongst this
  • Whole throid gland is seperated by the septa
    o Connective tissue that’s came in from the fibrous capsule
    o These carry the blood vessels
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23
Q

what cells secrete / store thyroxine

A

Throxine made in the surrounding cuboidal epithelium it’s then secreted and stored in the centre of the follicle

24
Q

parathyroid location and number

A

Located on the back of the thyroid gland
Number of them is variable
- Typically have 4
o 2 on each side – inf. And sup.

25
blood supply and venous drainage of the parathyroid
BLOOD SUPPLY - From inferior thyroid artery from subclavian artery - Lots of anastamoses in this area so may have supply from superior thyroid artery aswell Venous drainage - Similar to thyroid as drain through the same pathway
26
histology of the thyroid
``` P- chied/ principle cells - Secrete PTH A – adipocytes - 20-40% of mass made of adipose tissue - After adolescense fat acumulate in the thyroid O – oxyphil cell - Role unclear C – capillary - Brings and drain blood ```
27
structure of the pancreas
- Head (uncinate process), neck, body, tail - Main oancreatic duct - Hepatopancreatic ampulla (the accessory and main pancreatic ducts joined together) - Accessory pancreatic duct
28
arterial supply of the pancreas
ARTERIAL SUPPLY - Complex, rich blood supply Common Hepatic artery (a branch of the coeliac trunk) - Gives off the gastroduodenal artery - Gives off the right gastroomental and is thereafter known as anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal - Divides into the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal at about the same time Superior Mesenteric artery - Emerges between the pancreas ansd the duodenum - Gives of the branch – inferior pancreaticoduodenal (anterior and posterior branches) - These anastamose with the anterior and posterior counterparts coming from the common hepatic Splenic artery - Winds along the top of the pancreas - Great pancreatic Artery is a branch that comes off of this - Supplies much of the body and tail of pancreas
29
venous drainage of the pancreas
Splenic Vein - Drains the neck, body and tail Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins - Drains the head - Both drain into the superior mesenteric vein
30
lymphatic supply to the pancreas
- Most goes via pancreaticosplenic nodes - Some via celiac nodes Ultimately draining to lymph nodes around the superior mesenteric artery or the coeliac trunk via the hepatic nodes
31
histology of the pancreas
- Most of substance made up of acciner cells - Adipocytes (AC) - Pancreatic islets (I) aka the endocrine cells of the pancreas
32
testis structure - 3 main structures and funtions
``` - Ductus (vas) deferens o Transport sperm from semeniferous tubules to ejaculatory ducts - Epididymis o Has a head, body and tail o Sperm is stored and matured - Seminiferoud tubules o Produce spermatozoa o Also where male hormones are produced ```
33
development and blood supply of the testis
- Testis develop in abdominal cavity - By birth descend to the scrotum o As they descend bring down blood, nerves, ducts o Main blood supply are gonadal testicular arteries o Arise from the abdominal aorta at L2
34
venous drainage of the testis
``` Venous drainage - Pampiniform plexus of veins o Drains epididymis and testes - Testicular/ ovarian veins o R – IVC o L – Left renal artery ```
35
descent of testis in development
- Helped by gubernaculum o A fibrous cord of tissue that attaches to inferior portion of gonad and to the scrotum (or labia in females) o Guides testis descent - Inguinal canal > passge through anterior abdominal wall created by the processus vaginalis (forms during embryonic development) o The route which the testis move through the muscle into the scrotum - Processus vaginalis finally forms the spermatic cord > collection of the vessels, nerves and ducts that testis drags with it as it descends
36
spermatic cord
- Tube shaped connection between pouch in scrutum and abdominal wall - Surrounded by fascia - Runs from opening in the inguinal canal into the scrotum through inguinal ring
37
what are the 3 cell types in the seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules are lined with 3 cell types – 1- Germ cells (sperm in various stages of development) 2- Sertoli cells (supporting cells) 3- Leydig cells (endocrine function)
38
androgens produced by leydig cells
- Testosterone - Androstenedione - Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
39
whats the stages the follicles fo trhough in oogenesis
- Every ~28 days (or more) ovarian follicle ruptures and releases ovum into peritoneal cavity - Primordial follicle is starting point for egg formation - Primary follicle – larger cuboidal granulosa cells - Secondary follicle as granulosa cells proliferate - As fluid starts to form the follicle is known as an antral follicle - Antrums join to one big shape forming graafian follicle - This ruptures and releases an oocyte - The remainign structure is known as the corpus luteum
40
what are the zones of the ovary
``` Peripheral zone – cortex - Contains ovarian follcile - Each follicle contains one ovum Central zone – medulla - Contaisn blood vessels ```
41
what is the control system in the HPO axis
- Hypothalamus secretes GnRH - FSH and LH released from anterior pituitary - FSH stimulate follicle to grow o As these grow they secrete oestrgen and inhibins (granulosa cell release this) o Inhibin has negative feedback on pituitary to inhibit FSH - LH surge drives ovulation o Also stimulates development of corpus luteum o Corpus luteum secretes progesterone o Progesterone stimulates growth and differentiation of endometrium (oestrogen also helps with this) o High progesterone inhibits FSH and LH secretion
42
what happens hormonally if pregnant
If get pregnant… - Fertilised embryo secrete hCG - Placental hormone secreted by placental cels in early developing embryo - hCG signals to corpus luteum preventing it from degenerating - corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and eostradiol - if no hCG (no fertilised egg) endometrium degenerates = period
43
uterus structure and position
- hollow pear-shaped, muscular organ - sits between bladder and rectum in females - suspended by broad ligament - has as…. o Fundus o Body o Cervix - Normal position o Anteverted (in respect to vagina) – rotated forward towards anterior surface of body o Anteflexed (in respect to cervix) – flexed towards anterior surface of body
44
layers of the uterine wall
``` 3 tissue layers… - Endometrium o Innermost layer, divided into… o 1 – functional layer – rich in glands, thickens and becomes rich in blood vessels, is shed in menstruation o 2 - Basal layer- not lost during menstruation, a fresh functional layer is regenerated from this layer during each cycle - Myometrium o Middle, muscular layer (smooth) o Thickest layer o Prodcues contractions in childbirth - Perimetrium o Outermost layer o Part of vsiceral peritoneum ```
45
histology of the uterus in different menstrual stages
``` Menstrual phase - Low progesterone - Cell death - Restriction of blood vessels - Ischaemia - Endometrial shedding Early proliferative phase - Sparse/ small uterine glands - Stroma proliferates, thickens - Vascularisation of stroma Late proliferative phase - Thick stratum functionalis - Colled glands - Densely packed glands Secretory - Inc. progesterone - Complex, coiled glands - Max. thickness - Saw-toothed glands ```
46
blood supply to the uterus
- Internal iliac artery - External iliac artery - Uterine artery (branch of IIA) paired Uterine veins (tribitary of the IIV) paired
47
placenta
- highly vascular organ - formed from elements of membranes that surround developing foetus and uterine endometrium - vital physiological exchange between maternal and fetal circulation - expelled from uterus as the afterbirth
48
functions of the placenta
- transport of gases and nutrients - excretion – fetal waste - hormone/ growht factor production o hCG, estradiol, progesterone - metabolic functions o synthesis of glycogen - Protection
49
endocrine secretions of the placenta
Human Chorionic Gonasotrophin (hCG) - Secreted by trophoblast cells of the early embryo during… o Stimulates the production of progesterone and so prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating Progesterone - Important for maintenance of pregnancy - Acts on myometrium to inhibit uterine contractions Estradiol - Help uterus grow, maintains uterine lining and stimulates growth and development of the mammary glands Luteal-placental shift occurs around 8 weeks into pregnancy, placenta takes over secretion of progesterone from corpus luteum
50
what are the 2 parts of the placenta - and what proportions do they make up throughout pregnancy
Villous Chorion > fetal part of the placenta develops from chorionic sac Decidua Basalis > maternal part of placenta derived from the endometrium By end pf 4 months of pregnancy the decidua basalis is almost completely replaced by fetal part of placenta Outer layer of chorion is the trophoblasts which provide nutrients for foetus
51
the placenta - chronic villous description
- Blood vessels come into the villous - Branch villi arise from stem villous - Each septum divides fetal part of placenta into convex areas – cotyledon - Each cotyledon consists of 2 or more stem villi and many branch villi - Blood vessels supply the foetus with blood and O2 take away CO2
52
umbilical cord
- 2 umbilical arteries which bring deoxygenated blood from foetus to placenta - Well-oxygenated blood carried by single umbilical vein – brings O2 to foetus
53
all substances are transported from mother to fetus via one of the following mechanisms...
- Simple diffusion - Facilitated diffusion (electrical gradients) - Active transport - Pinocytosis (endocytosis of small amoutn of material being engulfed into the cell
54
maternal vs fetal placenta surfaces
maternal - Cotyletons on matenal surface covered in grooves occupied by placental septums - Each cotyleton has a few stem villi and many branch villi fetal - Blood vessels running in the chorionic plate deep to the anion - Converge to form umbilical vessels at the attachment of umbilical cord
55
histology of the placneta
In early placenta there ar enot that many villi compared to late placenta

YEAR 2 SEMESTER 2 (14 decks)

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