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Cell Biology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system

A

endocrine cells release hormones that are conveyed by blood stream and act on distant cells

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2
Q

synergistic

A

2 hormones greater than 1 alone

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3
Q

permissive

A

presence of one hormone necessary for another to have an effect

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4
Q

antagonistic

A

2 hormones oppose each others effects

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5
Q

competitive

A

2 hormones similar in structure compete

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6
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

steroids - synthesised from cholesterol
peptides - synthesised from amino acids
amino acids - synthesised from tyrosine

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7
Q

steroid hormones

A

small hydrophobic molecules
released immediately after synthesis
circulate in bound form
slow long lasting effects

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8
Q

peptide hormones

A

synthesised as preprohormones and stored prior to release

act on cell surface receptors via 2nd messenger systems

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9
Q

amino acids

A

stored for instant release

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10
Q

pulsatile

A

hormone released in short bursts

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11
Q

circadian

A

hormone released in 24 hour schedule e.g. melatonin

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12
Q

posterior pit. gland

A

neurohypophysis

consists of axons and nerve endings

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13
Q

anterior pit. gland

A

adenohypophysis
originates from Rathke’s ppouch
consists of endocrine tissue

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14
Q

oxytocin

A

released from post. pit.
breast contraction
uterine contraction

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15
Q

ADH

A

post. pit.

water regulation in kidney

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16
Q

hypothalamic hormones

A

majority stimulate release of other hormone
e.g. GHRH stimulates GH
TRH stimulates TSH

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17
Q

anterior pit. hormones

A

stimulate release of other hormones

e.g. corticotrophs = ACTH

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18
Q

somatotrophs

A

stimulate release of growth hormone

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19
Q

acute actions

A

release fatty acids from adipose tissue

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20
Q

gonadotrophs

A

stimulate release of sex hormones

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21
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

main product of thyroid gland

22
Q

T3

A

more active than T4 but less abundant

23
Q

calcitonin

A

maintains calcium homeostasis

24
Q

structure of thyroid cells

A

single layer of follicular cells surrounding pool of colloid

calcitonin cells interspersed

25
Q

thyroglobulin

A

glycoprotein synthesised by follicular cells and released into follicular lumen by exocytosis

26
Q

hypothalamic pituatary axis

A

hypothalamus released TRH
Anterior pit. releases TSH
TSH reaches the thyroid gland

27
Q

effects of TSH on thyroid gland

A 
increased:
iodine uptake
thyroglobulin synthesis
iodination of thyroglobulin
pinocytosis of colloid
lysomal activity
size of thyroid cells
28
Q

1 5’deiodinase

A

step UP

provides T3 to plasma

29
Q

2 5’deiodinase

A

step UP

provides T3 in CNS

30
Q

3 5’deiodinase

A

step DOWN

inactivates T4 to rT3

31
Q

structure of cortex

A

zona glomerulosa produces aldosterone
zona fasciculata produces cortisol and androgens
zona reticularis produces cortisol and androgens

32
Q

why does zona glomurulosa produce aldosterone?

A

it lacks 17 alpha hydroxylase so it has to convert cholesterol to aldosterone

33
Q

cortisol

A

mediates stress response
major glucocorticoid
inhibits glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue

34
Q

gonads

A

testes

ovaries

35
Q

testes

A

lots of androgens

less oestrogens

36
Q

ovaries

A

lots of oestrogens
less androgens
progesterone

37
Q

oogenesis

A

oocytes formed in developing ovary

arrest in prophase of meiosis 1

38
Q

follicular phase

A

follicle maturation

several months

39
Q

ovulation

A

release of ovum from ovary into fallopian tube

few hours

40
Q

luteal phase

A

formation of corpus luteum and its fate

41
Q

pre antral phase (follicular phase 1)

A

primordial follicle developed into primary follicle

then becomes mature pre antral follicle

42
Q

antral phase (follicular phase 2)

A

appearance of fluid filled atria
increased zona granulosa
growth dependent on pit. FSH

43
Q

theca cells

A

catalyse androgen production from cholesterol

44
Q

granulosa cells

A

contain aramatose so they can convert androgen to oestrogen

45
Q

pre ovulatory phase

A

follicle response to LH surge
arrests in metaphase 2
haploid secondary oocyte
FSH increases

46
Q

ovulation

A

oocyte released into peritoneal cavity before being captured by oviduct
remnants of follicle form corpus luteum

47
Q

luteal phase

A 
corpus luteum develops
granulosa cells fill with liquid
major product = progesterone
oestrogen decreases then rebounds
no pregnancy = oestrogen and progesterone decrease, LHand FSH increase
pregnancy = placenta releases HcG
48
Q

FSH

A

upregulates aramatose gene expression
stimulates growth of immature follicles
prevents apoptosis of antral follicles

49
Q

LH

A

acts on theca cells to promote androgen production

acts on granulosa cells to secrete progesterone

50
Q

oestrogen

A

prepares reproductive tract for fertilisation

51
Q

progesterone

A

promotes uterine secretion to support egg implantation

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