Endocrinology Flashcards
1
Q
What viruses may trigger Type 1 Diabetes?
A
- Cocksackie B virus
- Enterovirus
2
Q
Outline what Type 1 Diabetes is?
A
Type 1 Diabetes is an auto-immune condition involving destruction of the beta-cells in the Islets of Langerhan of the Pancreas
3
Q
What is the clinical presentation of Type 1 Diabetes?
A
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperglycaemia triad (polyuria, polydypsia, weight loss)
- Secondary enuresis
- Recurrent infections
4
Q
What are the clinical features of Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
A
- Abdominal pain
- Polyuria, polydypsia, dehydration
- Kaussmaul breathing
- Acetone “pear drops” breath
5
Q
What blood tests results help diagnose Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
A
- Glucose >11mmol / known diabetic
- pH < 7.3
- Bicarbonate < 15 mmol
- Ketones > 3
- Urine ketones ++
6
Q
What are new diagnosis bloods to be ordered in someone with Type 1 Diabetes?
A
- Baseline bloods (FBC, Renal Profile, U&Es)
- Blood cultures (If ?infection)
- HbA1c
- TFTs, TPO (thyroid peroxidase antibodies)
- Anti-TTG (associated with Coeliacs)
- Insulin antibiotics, anti-GAD, Islet cell antibodies
7
Q
How is Diabetic Ketoacidosis managed?
A
- Fluid management, 5-8 litres (isotonic saline initially)
- Insulin, initially 0.1 units / kg / hr, once glucose <15 mmol then 5% dextrose
- Correction of hypokalaemia
- Continue long acting insulin, stop short acting insulin
8
Q
What are the normal levels for glucose during the day?
A
5-7 mmol on waking
4-7 mmol other times of day
9
Q
How often should blood glucose levels be checked?
A
On waking, at each meal and before bed (at least 4 times a day)
