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Endocrinology and Metabolism > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

The term hormone is derived from a Greek phrase meaning:

A

“To set in motion”

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2
Q

Triad of MEN1

A

Parathyroid, pancreatic islet, and pituitary tumors

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3
Q

Triad of MEN2

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism

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4
Q

MEN1 gene encodes this putative tumor-suppressor gene

A

Menin

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5
Q

MEN1 gene is located in:

A

11q13

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6
Q

MEN2 is caused by activating mutations of this gene

A

RET protooncogene

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7
Q

Three major types of endocrine conditions

A

Hormone excess
Hormone deficiency
Hormone resistance

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8
Q

Two prevalent causes of hormone deficiency

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus

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9
Q

Hormone resistance in obesity

A

Leptin

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10
Q

Hormone resistance in catabolic states

A

Growth hormone

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11
Q

Most important diagnostic tools in endocrinology

A

Immunoassays

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12
Q

Cortisol values increase by how much between midnight and dawn

A

Fivefold

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13
Q

Screening for hypothyroidism in women (age, frequency of testing)

A

Age 35, every 5 years thereafter

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14
Q

Screening test for vitamin D deficiency

A

Serum 25-OH vitamin D

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15
Q

Acquired pituitary failure in the newborn is caused by:

A

Birth trauma

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16
Q

Mutations in this gene cause septo-optic dysplasia

A

HESX1 gene

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17
Q

Hypothalamic dysfunction and hypopituitarism resulting from dysgenesis of the septum pellucidum or corpus callosum

A

Septo-optic dysplasia

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18
Q

Syndrome resulting from defective hypothalamic GnRH synthesis

A

Kallman syndrome

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19
Q

Initial genetic cause of Kallman syndrome

A

KAL gene

20
Q

Treatment of Kallman syndrome that restores fertility

A

SC pulsatile GnRH

21
Q

This very rare genetically heterogeneous disorder is characterized by mental retardation, renal abnormalities, obesity, and hexadactyly, brachydactyly, or syndactyly.

A

Bardet-Biedl syndrome

22
Q

Most patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome are blind by what age?

A

30

23
Q

This is a contiguous gene syndrome that results from deletion of the paternal copies of the imprinted SNRPN gene, the NECDIN gene, and possibly other genes on chromosome 15q.

A

Prader-Willi syndrome

24
Q

The development of hypopituitarism develops over how many years after cranial irradiation?

A

5-15 years

25
Q

Most common hormone deficiency after cranial irradiation

A

Growth hormone

26
Q

Second most common hormone deficiency after cranial irradiation

A

Gonadotropin

27
Q

Third most common hormone deficiency after cranial irradiation

A

ACTH

28
Q

This occurs most often in post-partum women; it usually presents with hyperprolactinemia and MRI evidence of a prominent pituitary mass that often resembles an adenoma, with mildly elevated PRL levels.

A

Lymphocytic hypophysitis

29
Q

Treatment of lymphocytic hypophysitis

A

Glucocorticoid

30
Q

Visual recovery after sellar surgery of apoplexy is inversely correlated with:

A

Length of time after the acute event

31
Q

ACTH reserve is most reliably assessed by:

A

ACTH and cortisol levels during insulin-induced hypoglycemia

32
Q

Normal GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, GHRH, L-arginine, or L-dopa

A

GH >3 mcg/L

33
Q

Insulin dose in insulin tolerance test

A

0.05-0.15 U/kg

34
Q

Glucose level should be below this value for testing GH response to hypoglycemia

A

<40 mg/dL

35
Q

Cortisol response in insulin tolerance test

A

Increase by >7 mcg/dL or to >20 mcg/dL

36
Q

Mean growth velocity in later childhood

A

~6 cm/year

37
Q

Bone age of peak growth rate in girls

A

12

38
Q

Bone age of peak growth rate in boys

A

13

39
Q

Three causes of abrogated GH receptor function

A

(1) Caloric deprivation and malnutrition
(2) Uncontrolled diabetes
(3) Chronic renal failure

40
Q

Skelatal maturation is best evaluated by measuring a radiologic bone age, which is baed mainly on the degree of bone growth plate fusion in:

A

Wrist

41
Q

Dose of GH to restore growth velocity

A

0.02-0.05 mg/kg

42
Q

Target growth velocity during GH treatment in children

A

~10 cm/year

43
Q

Treatment of GH insensitivity and growth retardation due to mutations of the GH receptor

A

IGF-1

44
Q

Sequential order of hormone loss in adult GH deficiency

A

GH > FSH/LH > TSH > ACTH

45
Q

Previous head and neck irradiation increases mortality rates in patients with hypopituitarism, especially from:

A

Cerebrovascular disease

46
Q

Most common presenting feature of adult hypopituitarism

A

Hypogonadism

Endocrinology and Metabolism (1 decks)

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