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BIOM2011 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological response to hormones depends on (2)

A
  1. [hormone] free, biologically active active

2. sensitivity of target cell

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2
Q

Hypo secretion

A

too little hormone activity
increased clearance
tissue resistance

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3
Q

hyper secretion

A

too much hormone activity
reduced plasma protein binding
reduced clearance
excessive response at target tissue

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4
Q

Role of the hypothalamus

A

regulates and coordinates responses to changes in the external and internal environment–
1. regulates behaviour (reproduction, feeding, rage)
2. vegetative role- maintains homeostasis
(body temp, metabolism, growth, stress, reproduction)

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5
Q

What is the hypothalamus made up of?

A

Neural tissue and endocrine gland

Small (releasing hormones)and large bodied (AVP and OT to PP) neurons.

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6
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete

A

neurohormones

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary gland is made up of

A

endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the general circulation

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8
Q

What hormones are released by the AP

A
  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. GH
  4. LH and FSH
  5. prolactin
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9
Q

What cell type of the AP produces GH

A

somatotrophs

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10
Q

What cell type of the AP produces prolactin

A

Lactotrophs

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11
Q

What cell type of the AP produces LH and FSH

A

Gonadotrophs

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12
Q

What cell type of the AP produces TSH

A

Thyrotrophs

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13
Q

What cell type of the AP produces ACTH

A

Corticotrophs

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14
Q

what are Trophic hormones and which ones are they

A

control activity of another endocrine gland

  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • LH
  • FSH
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15
Q

Non-trophic hormones

A

Hormones which have a direct effect

-prolactin and GH

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16
Q

How is the secretion of AP hormones controlled

A

secretion is in response to neurohormones/ releasing hormones/ releasing factors from the hypothalamus into the portal system of the AP.

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17
Q

what do releasing factors do? how to they function

A

they act on target cells to stimulate synthesis and secretion of AP hormones.
circulated in portal circulation

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18
Q

where are releasing hormones secreted from

A

nerve endings into capillaries at the median eminence

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19
Q

What happens to hormone secretion if the hypothalamus is disconnected from the AP

A

All hormones but prolactin are down regulated- they are no longer stimulated by RF. Prolactin has a Release inhibiting Factor.

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20
Q

what is the Releasing inhibiting factor of prolactin

A

dopamine

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21
Q

what is the Releasing inhibiting factor of GH

A

somatostatin

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22
Q

GH RF

A

GHRF

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23
Q

Structure of hGH

A

191 amino acid single chain polypeptide folded into a globular protein

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24
Q

When are the [GH] highest in the blood

A

during sleep

25
GH is pulsatile- shows rhythm. what is the difference between males and females
Females- small amplitude, frequent more continuous | males- large amplitude, infrequent, more pulsatile
26
How does GH secretion change over a lifetime
high in neonate decrease in childhood rise again at puberty fall during childhood.
27
What type of receptor is the somatostatin receptor
GPCR
28
How is GH regulated
through a negative feedback system
29
what are the actions of GH
* Acts to redistribute nutrients towards production processes such as growth. - major determinant of growth - increase in number and size of cells in soft tissues - increase thickness and length of long bones + metabolic actions Actions through direct effects and the production of IDF1
30
IGF1????
- produced by liver and other tissues in response to GH
31
What are the iGF-1 signaling pathways
Pi3Kinase/ AKT | MAPkinase
32
Why are plasma IGF1 levels so stable from hour to hour when its secretion is stimulated by a pulsatile pattern of GH
Synthesis of IGF1 takes time following GH + IGF binding proteins maintain pool= slower degradation
33
Bone growth occurs at
the epiphysis.
34
GH causes ---in bones | while IGF1 causes---
1. proliferation | 2. hypertrophy
35
what causes growth plates to close
oestrogen action after puberty | Gh/IGFH no longer cause growth- but can increase thickness
36
Direct GH actions in 1. muscle 2. AT 3. Liver
1. stim AA uptake, decrease glucose uptake, inhibits protein breakdown 2. decreases glucose uptake, increases fat breakdown 3. increase protein synthesis, increase gluconeogenesis (increase BG)
37
GH hyposecretion in adults in children
adults: no major symptoms children: pituitary dwarfism
38
GH hypersecetion adults children
children: gigantism adults: acromegaly (large extremities,
39
Prolactin structure
Polypeptide (199 AA)
40
What inhibits prolactin secretion
dopamine
41
What Stimulates prolactin release
TRH, VIP, AVP or?
42
Dopamine effect on prolactin
inhibits prolactin - secretion- short term response - synthesis- medium term response - Lactotroph proliferation- long term response.
43
How does dopamine act to prevent prolactin secretion from lactotrophs
?
44
What are the actions of prolactin
- stimulates alveolar epithelium cell of mammary gland to synthesise and secrete milk - many other non-reproductive roles eg. immune system, behaviour
45
What signaling pathway does GH use
1. JAK/STAT pathway --> gene expression 2. JAK/MAPK--. gene expression 3. P13K/AKT- cytoplasm
46
What is the somatomedin hypothesis ?
GH acts to produce another hormone (IGF1) to cause growth.
47
Prolactin signalling pathways
JAK/STAT | Janus Kinase Signal transducer and activator of transcription
48
How does a negative feedback loop function with prolactin
maintains low prolactin in non-lactating individuals. Causes dopamine release. Inhibits PRL synthesis and secretion from lactotrophs
49
Regulation of prolactin in lactation
Lactation inhibits dopaminergic neurons in hypothalamus
50
What receptors are sensitive to a baby suckling
Machanoreceptors --> hypothalamus
51
Too much prolactin (hyper-secretion)
form pituitary tumours "prolactinomas"
52
What are the two main neurohormones produces from the posterior pituitary gland
Vasopressin and oxytocin | both are peptides with 9 AA residues
53
Where are vasopressin and oxytocin expressed
in both the SON and PVN
54
Actions of Vasopressin
Decrease water excretion kidneys 'anti- diuretic' | vasoconstriction
55
secretion of vasopressin is regulated by
[solute] in ECF | blood volume
56
Actions of oxytocin
parturition: stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle lactation: milk ejection during breastfeeding due to contraction of SM
57
Secretion of oxytocin is stimulated by
Pressure of baby in birth canal sucking baby secretion is inhibited by fear, anxiety
58
What are the oxytocin target cells
Secretary alveolus of breast

BIOM2011 (6 decks)

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