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BIOM2011 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological response to hormones depends on (2)

A
  1. [hormone] free, biologically active active

2. sensitivity of target cell

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2
Q

Hypo secretion

A

too little hormone activity
increased clearance
tissue resistance

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3
Q

hyper secretion

A

too much hormone activity
reduced plasma protein binding
reduced clearance
excessive response at target tissue

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4
Q

Role of the hypothalamus

A

regulates and coordinates responses to changes in the external and internal environment–
1. regulates behaviour (reproduction, feeding, rage)
2. vegetative role- maintains homeostasis
(body temp, metabolism, growth, stress, reproduction)

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5
Q

What is the hypothalamus made up of?

A

Neural tissue and endocrine gland

Small (releasing hormones)and large bodied (AVP and OT to PP) neurons.

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6
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete

A

neurohormones

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary gland is made up of

A

endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the general circulation

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8
Q

What hormones are released by the AP

A
  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. GH
  4. LH and FSH
  5. prolactin
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9
Q

What cell type of the AP produces GH

A

somatotrophs

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10
Q

What cell type of the AP produces prolactin

A

Lactotrophs

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11
Q

What cell type of the AP produces LH and FSH

A

Gonadotrophs

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12
Q

What cell type of the AP produces TSH

A

Thyrotrophs

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13
Q

What cell type of the AP produces ACTH

A

Corticotrophs

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14
Q

what are Trophic hormones and which ones are they

A

control activity of another endocrine gland

  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • LH
  • FSH
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15
Q

Non-trophic hormones

A

Hormones which have a direct effect

-prolactin and GH

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16
Q

How is the secretion of AP hormones controlled

A

secretion is in response to neurohormones/ releasing hormones/ releasing factors from the hypothalamus into the portal system of the AP.

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17
Q

what do releasing factors do? how to they function

A

they act on target cells to stimulate synthesis and secretion of AP hormones.
circulated in portal circulation

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18
Q

where are releasing hormones secreted from

A

nerve endings into capillaries at the median eminence

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19
Q

What happens to hormone secretion if the hypothalamus is disconnected from the AP

A

All hormones but prolactin are down regulated- they are no longer stimulated by RF. Prolactin has a Release inhibiting Factor.

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20
Q

what is the Releasing inhibiting factor of prolactin

A

dopamine

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21
Q

what is the Releasing inhibiting factor of GH

A

somatostatin

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22
Q

GH RF

A

GHRF

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23
Q

Structure of hGH

A

191 amino acid single chain polypeptide folded into a globular protein

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24
Q

When are the [GH] highest in the blood

A

during sleep

25
Q

GH is pulsatile- shows rhythm. what is the difference between males and females

A

Females- small amplitude, frequent more continuous

males- large amplitude, infrequent, more pulsatile

26
Q

How does GH secretion change over a lifetime

A

high in neonate
decrease in childhood
rise again at puberty
fall during childhood.

27
Q

What type of receptor is the somatostatin receptor

A

GPCR

28
Q

How is GH regulated

A

through a negative feedback system

29
Q

what are the actions of GH

A
  • Acts to redistribute nutrients towards production processes such as growth.
  • major determinant of growth
  • increase in number and size of cells in soft tissues
  • increase thickness and length of long bones
    + metabolic actions

Actions through direct effects and the production of IDF1

30
Q

IGF1????

A
  • produced by liver and other tissues in response to GH
31
Q

What are the iGF-1 signaling pathways

A

Pi3Kinase/ AKT

MAPkinase

32
Q

Why are plasma IGF1 levels so stable from
hour to hour when its secretion is
stimulated by a pulsatile pattern of GH

A

Synthesis of IGF1 takes time following GH + IGF binding proteins maintain pool= slower degradation

33
Q

Bone growth occurs at

A

the epiphysis.

34
Q

GH causes —in bones

while IGF1 causes—

A
  1. proliferation

2. hypertrophy

35
Q

what causes growth plates to close

A

oestrogen action after puberty

Gh/IGFH no longer cause growth- but can increase thickness

36
Q

Direct GH actions in

  1. muscle
  2. AT
  3. Liver
A
  1. stim AA uptake, decrease glucose uptake, inhibits protein breakdown
  2. decreases glucose uptake, increases fat breakdown
  3. increase protein synthesis, increase gluconeogenesis

(increase BG)

37
Q

GH hyposecretion
in adults
in children

A

adults: no major symptoms
children: pituitary dwarfism

38
Q

GH hypersecetion
adults
children

A

children: gigantism
adults: acromegaly (large extremities,

39
Q

Prolactin structure

A

Polypeptide (199 AA)

40
Q

What inhibits prolactin secretion

A

dopamine

41
Q

What Stimulates prolactin release

A

TRH, VIP, AVP or?

42
Q

Dopamine effect on prolactin

A

inhibits prolactin

  • secretion- short term response
  • synthesis- medium term response
  • Lactotroph proliferation- long term response.
43
Q

How does dopamine act to prevent prolactin secretion from lactotrophs

A

?

44
Q

What are the actions of prolactin

A
  • stimulates alveolar epithelium cell of mammary gland to synthesise and secrete milk
  • many other non-reproductive roles eg. immune system, behaviour
45
Q

What signaling pathway does GH use

A
  1. JAK/STAT pathway –> gene expression
  2. JAK/MAPK–. gene expression
  3. P13K/AKT- cytoplasm
46
Q

What is the somatomedin hypothesis ?

A

GH acts to produce another hormone (IGF1) to cause growth.

47
Q

Prolactin signalling pathways

A

JAK/STAT

Janus Kinase Signal transducer and activator of transcription

48
Q

How does a negative feedback loop function with prolactin

A

maintains low prolactin in non-lactating individuals. Causes dopamine release. Inhibits PRL synthesis and secretion from lactotrophs

49
Q

Regulation of prolactin in lactation

A

Lactation inhibits dopaminergic neurons in hypothalamus

50
Q

What receptors are sensitive to a baby suckling

A

Machanoreceptors –> hypothalamus

51
Q

Too much prolactin (hyper-secretion)

A

form pituitary tumours “prolactinomas”

52
Q

What are the two main neurohormones produces from the posterior pituitary gland

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

both are peptides with 9 AA residues

53
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin expressed

A

in both the SON and PVN

54
Q

Actions of Vasopressin

A

Decrease water excretion kidneys ‘anti- diuretic’

vasoconstriction

55
Q

secretion of vasopressin is regulated by

A

[solute] in ECF

blood volume

56
Q

Actions of oxytocin

A

parturition: stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle
lactation: milk ejection during breastfeeding due to contraction of SM

57
Q

Secretion of oxytocin is stimulated by

A

Pressure of baby in birth canal
sucking baby
secretion is inhibited by fear, anxiety

58
Q

What are the oxytocin target cells

A

Secretary alveolus of breast

BIOM2011 (6 decks)

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