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PHYL1007 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

function of the endocrine system

A

Regulating metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, allow body to cope with stress, regulate growth, control reproduction, regulate circulation and RBC production, control digestion and absorption of food

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2
Q

regulation of hormone activity

A
  • secretion
  • transport
  • metabolism
  • excretion
  • target cell responsiveness
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3
Q

central regulation vs. direct regulation

A 
central
- controlled by the brain
- affected by neg feedback loops
- can be fast, slow or long term
direct
- endocrine cells respond directly to changes in extra-cellular fluid levels of substances (eg. glucose, Ca)
- very rapid response to critical needs
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4
Q

hormones of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A
  • CRH - ACTH (trophic)
  • TRH - TSH (trophic)
  • GnRH - FSH & LH (trophic)
  • Dopamine - Prolactin (inhibits) (non-trophic_
  • GHRH - GH (both)
  • Somatostatin - GH (inhibits) (both)
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5
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

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6
Q

what is involved in growth?

A

structural growth of tissues
- synthesis of proteins
- lengthening of bones
- soft tissue cell size & number increase
non-linear
- highest in utero
- then two major growth spurts during life (postnatal and pubertal growth spurts)

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7
Q

factors that effect growth

A
  • GH levels
  • genetic determination of height & shape
  • dietary impact (amino acids)
  • chronic disease or stressful environment
  • other hormones (Th, insulin, sex steroids)
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8
Q

effects of growth hormone (primarily metabolic)

A 
Muscle
- stimulates amino acid uptake
- increase muscle mass
Adipose tissue
- decrease glucose uptake
- increase fat breakdown
Liver
- increase protein synthesis
- increase gluconeogenesis
- stimulates IGF production
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9
Q

actions of IGF-I (primarily growth)

A
  • increase bone length
  • stimulates osteoblast to increase bone thickness
  • soft tissue growth (hypertrophy, hyperplasia)
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10
Q

actions of IGF-II

A

promotes soft tissue and organ growth by increasing protein, RNA and DNA synthesis

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11
Q

excess GH secretion

A 
Excess GH in child
- giantism
Excess GH in adult
- widening bones in hand, feet and face
- thickening of soft tissue
- usually due to pituitary tumor
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12
Q

GH deficiency

A 
Hyposecretion Adult
- not detected
Hyposecretion Child
- normal body proportions
- poor muscle development
- if diagnosed before puberty can have near normal growth
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13
Q

Thyroid function

A
  • release T3 & T4
  • T4 converted to T3 in blood due to high potency
  • increase metabolic rate and heat production in cells
  • increase response to catecholamines
  • promotes effects of GH and IGF
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14
Q

TH synthesis and release

A
  • TH is attached to a backbone in colloid so it doesn’t cross the cell membrane
  • released from backbone to go through follicular cell and into blood
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15
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • primary - thyroid gland failure
  • secondary - deficiency TRH or TSH - decreased iodine
    Symptoms
  • decreased metabolism
  • poor cold tollerance
  • weight gain
  • fatigue
  • slow reflexes
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16
Q

hyperthyroidism

A 
Grave's Disease
- TSI activates TSH inducing TH release
Symptoms
- increased metabolism
- sweating
- increased appetite but weight gain
- anxiety
17
Q

what is Ca used for?

A
  • bone and teeth structure
  • resting membrane potential
  • nerve cell excitability
  • neurotransmitter and hormone release
  • muscle contraction
18
Q

regulation of calcium

A

Acute control
- maintain constant free Ca in plasma
- through rapid exchange between ECF and bone
Chronic control
- maintain constant Ca in body long term
- adjust GI absorption and urine excretion

19
Q

3 main hormones that regulate Ca

A

1) PTH
2) Vitamin D3
3) Calcitonin

20
Q

PTH functions

A 
Bone
- increase membrane osteocyte pumps
- increase reabsorption of Ca from bone fluid into plasma
- increase osteocytes
- decrease osteoblasts
- increase reabsorption of ca & PO4
Kidney
- increase Ca absorption
- decrease Ca excretion
- increase PO4 excretion
- decrease PO4 absorption
GIT
- increase activation of vitamin D to vitamin D3 
- IN INTESTINES 
- increase absorption of Ca
- increase number of Ca transporters
- increase bone resorption of Ca
21
Q

PTH hypersecretion (hyperparathyroidism)

A

BONES, STONES, GROANS

  • increase Ca resorption for bone causes softening and fractures
  • increase Ca excretion through kidneys leads to stones
  • decreased excitability of nerves and muscles
  • hypercalcemia leads to nausea and constipation
22
Q

PTH hyposecretion (hypoparathyroidism)

A
  • caused by gland destruction
  • parathyroid glands are essential for life
  • increased nerve and muscle excitability
  • cramps, twitches, tingles
23
Q

action of insulin

A
  • vesicles bring GLUT-4 to the surface of the cell, therefore glucose transports across membrane
  • stimulates glycogenesis (glucose to glycogen)
  • stops gylogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
  • not in live, brain and exercising muscle as they don’t need insulin to uptake glucose
24
Q

action of glucagon

A
  • starts glycogneolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • stops glycogenesis
  • promotes ketone production
  • stops protein synthesis
25
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A
  • lack of insulin production
  • autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells
  • causes dehydration
  • body thinks they have no energy, so eat a lot cause sells are hungry
26
Q

Type II diabetes mellitus

A
  • insuline resistance
  • strong association with obesity and lifestyle
    Pre-disposing conditions
  • metabolic syndrome (obesity, increased blood pressure)
    Pre-diabetic conditions
  • increased normal level of glucose
  • impaired glucose tolerance (long time to store glucose)
27
Q

Gestational diabetes

A
  • reduced sensitivity to insulin
  • beta-cells unable to meet increased demand
  • during pregnancy
28
Q

Acute complications of diabetes

A

ketoacidosis
— live uses ft for fuel because cells are hungry
— produce acidic ketones that decrease blood PH
hyperglycemia
— severe dehydration due to osmotic shift from fluid in cell to fluid in blood

29
Q

Chronic complications of diabetes

A

increase blood glucose causes

  • lining of cells in blood vessels absorb glucose
  • this causes damage to the membrane
  • can cause blindness due to small blood vessel dying
  • causes diabetic foot due to vascular disease

PHYL1007 (7 decks)

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