Endocrinology

Question 1

These hormones reach their target within the same site by diffusing through interstitial fluid.

Answer 1

Paracrine

Question 2

These hormones act back on the cells which act as the source of the hormones to modulate their secretion or the intracellular processes involved.

Answer 2

Autocrine

Question 3

These hormones are produced by neurons. Oftentimes, they are referred to as neurohormones.

Answer 3

Neurocrine hormones

Question 4

cytokines

Answer 4

Paracrine hormones

Question 5

prolactin (PRL) produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 5

Autocrine hormones.

Question 6

acetylcholine and dopamine

Answer 6

Neurocrine hormones.

Question 7

Hormones from the hypothalamus or the gastro intestinal tract suppress the secretion of another
organ

Answer 7

) Inhibiting hormones

Question 8

They are the ultimate hormones responsible for causing physiologic processes.

Answer 8

) Effector hormones

Question 9

Hormones found in the hypothalamus promote the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 9

Releasing hormones.

Question 10

These are secreted by all endocrine glands other than the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.

Answer 10

Effector hormones.

Question 11

Polypeptide hormones are
synthesized first as a __

Answer 11

pre-prohormone.

Question 12

contains a leader sequence of amino acids called a signal sequence.

Answer 12

pre-prohormone

Question 13

A pre-prohormone contains a leader sequence of amino acids called

Answer 13

signal sequence.

Question 14

Within the secretory vesicle, the resulting product called a ______ is then enzymatically cleaved
to a smaller active hormone molecule

Answer 14

prohormone

Question 15

provides the body with immediate access to the hormone in time of increased
demand

Answer 15

storage vesicle

Question 16

cleaved by proteases to form the C-peptide and the active insulin hormone.

Answer 16

Pro-insulin i

Question 17

Group II Hormones

Answer 17

polypeptides, glycoproteins, and catecholamines

Question 18

Signal transduction is frequently done by a system of intramembrane proteins called

Answer 18

G proteins

Question 19

Group I Hormones

Answer 19

steroids and thyroid hormones

Question 20

Group of hormones that can diffuse through the cell
membrane and enter the cell.

Answer 20

Group I

Question 21

These signals stimulate the cerebral cortex or neutral centers by thoughts, emotions, stress, or
circadian/periodic rhythms.

Answer 21

Neural signals.

Question 22

stimulate their target organs to secretem effector hormones.

Answer 22

Tropic hormones

Question 23

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete

Answer 23

cortisol

Question 24

TSH stimulates the thyroid
gland to secrete

Answer 24

T3 and T4

Question 25

The secretion of ADH is very responsive to an increase plasma osmolality

Answer 25

Variation in blood osmolality.

Question 26

The release of hormones in the gastro-intestinal tract is stimulated by the presence of

Answer 26

foods in situ.

Question 27

In this mechanism, the final hormone produced regulates its own secretion by inhibiting the secretion of one or more of the precursor hormones.

Answer 27

Negative Feedback.

Question 28

In this mechanism, the final hormone produced in a cascade enhances or induces the initial hormone and causes its own production to be increased.

Answer 28

Positive Feedback

Question 29

An example of this is the simulation of the gonadotropin production during mid-menstrual cycle by the increased levels of estrogen-17-B

Answer 29

Positive Feedback

Question 30

A number of glands that signal each other in sequence is usually referred to as an

Answer 30

axis

Question 31

located in the third ventricle and is directly above the pituitary

Answer 31

hypothalamus

Question 32

*The pituitary is anatomically connected with the hypothalamus by the

Answer 32

infundibulum,

Question 33

*The hypothalamus contains neurosecretory cells that produce stimulating, releasing, and inhibiting

Answer 33

neuropeptides or hormones

Question 34

controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, [1] fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles.

Answer 34

hypothalamus

Question 35

stimulates the release of ACTH and other hormones e.g: beta-lipotropins and B-endorphins.

Answer 35

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone(CRH)

Question 36

decreases the level of prolactin. This factor has been found out to be Dopamine.

Answer 36

Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)

Question 37

stimulates the release of TSH

Answer 37

Thyrotropin -releasing hormones (TRH)

Question 38

decreases the level of growth hormone. It is also known as Somatostatin

Answer 38

. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Question 39

stimulates the release of Thyrotropin and Prolactin.

Answer 39

Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)

Question 40

increases the level of growth hormone. It is also known as Somatocrinin.

Answer 40

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Question 41

decreases the level of melanocyte stimulating hormone.

Answer 41

Melanocyte-inhibiting factor (MIF)

Question 42

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also known as

Answer 42

Arginine Vasopressin.

Question 43

stimulates uterine muscle contraction and milk ejection reflex

Answer 43

. Oxytocin

Question 44

increases the reabsorption of water from the glomerular filter and urine promotes vasoconstriction

Answer 44

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 45

located on the posterior wall of the third ventricle of the Cerebrum, at the base of the brain.

Answer 45

PINEAL GLAND

Question 46

Pineal gland pharmacologic function: Decreased level of melatonin is needed for the maturation of gonads.

Answer 46

Inhibition of the pituitary-gonadal axis

Question 47

Pineal gland pharmacologic function: Decreased level of melatonin during the day.

Answer 47

Regulation of circadian rhythms axis.

Question 48

an amine derived from the amino acid tryptophan.

Answer 48

Melatonin

Question 49

excreted in the urine and can be assayed using urine as sample

Answer 49

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)