Endocrinology Flashcards
1
Q
composed of specialized organs
capable of producing hormones
A
Endocrine system
2
Q
endocrine glands communicate with each other through hormones
A
Feedback mechanisms
3
Q
increase leads to increase or decrease leads to decrease
A
Positive feedback
4
Q
increase leads to
decrease or decrease leads to increase
A
Negative feedback
5
Q
mechanism responsible for
the production of thyroid hormones
A
Hypothalamus-Pituitary gland-Thyroid
gland Axis (HPTA)
6
Q
secreted in one location and release into blood circulation
A
Endocrine
7
Q
secreted in endocrine cells and sometimes released in interstitial space
A
Autocrine
8
Q
secreted in endocrine and released in interstitial space
A
Paracrine
9
Q
secreted in endocrine cells remains inside the synthesis of origin to affect its own function
A
Intracrine
10
Q
secreted in endocrine cells and released into the lumen of the gut and interacts with receptors of cells at a distant site
A
Juxtacrine
11
Q
secreted in neurons and released into extracellular space
A
Neurocrine
12
Q
secreted in neurons and released from nerve endings
A
Neuroendocrine
13
Q
Proteins/Polypeptides
A
GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH,
somatostatin, PRF, ADH,
oxytocin, GH, ACTH, PRL,
calcitonin, hPL, PTH, insulin,
glucagon
14
Q
Glycoprotein
A
TSH, FSH, LH,
hCG, EPO
15
Q
Steroids
A
cortisol, aldosterone,
estrogen,
progesterone,
testosterone
16
Q
Amino Acid derivatives
A
melatonin, serotonin:
thyroid hormones, epinephrine,
norepinephrine:
17
Q
a neurotransmitter that mediated satisfaction, happiness, and optimism
A
Serotonin
18
Q
metabolite of serotonin
A
5-HIAA (5 hydroxy indole acetic acid)
19
Q
Low serotonin
A
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
20
Q
Fear of contamination or dirt
A
MYSOPHOBIA
21
Q
Located in the lower portion of the brain
Above the pituitary gland
A
HYPOTHALAMUS
22
Q
Hypothalamus is Connected to the pituitary gland through the
A
infundibular stalk
23
Q
Releasing hormones:
A
TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH,
PRF
24
Q
Inhibiting hormones:
A
PIF, GHIH
25
Suppression of synthesis of prolactin
Prolactin inhibitory factor
26
Inhibits the release of different hormones- GH, TH, gastrin, secretin,
motilin, glucagon, insulin
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone/ Somatostatin
27
Pea-sized organ. Located at the base of the brain, located below the
hypothalamus
PITUITARY GLAND
28
Anterior HORMONES OFTHE PITUITARY GLAND
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
29
Posterior HORMONES OFTHE PITUITARY GLAND
DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY HORMONE but serves as storage site for ADH and Oxytocin
30
The stimulus for release of ADH
HYPEROSMOLAR PLASMA
31
Problem on ADH
Diabetes insipidius
32
(-) ADH
Central or Hypothalamic or Neurogenic DI
33
(-) ADH receptor
Nephrogenic DI
34
Stimulus of oxytocin
skin-to-skin contact (hugs
35
MILK PRODUCTION
Prolactin
36
MILK SECRETION
Oxytocin
37
Hyposecretion of GH/Somatotropin
Pituitary Dwarfism
38
Hypersecretion of GH/Somatotropin
Gigantism (Child)
Acromegaly (Adult)
39
Stimulates adrenocortical steroid formation and secretion
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
40
Stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE/
THYROTROPIN
41
Female: ovulation, follicle development with LH, estrogen production
Male: spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubule development
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
42
✓ Female: progesterone production
✓ Male: testosterone production
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
43
Raises pain threshold and influence extrapyramidal motor activity
BETA-ENDORPHINS
44
Butterfly-shaped organ, located on the lower portion of the neck; lobes are separated by ligaments known
as ISTHMUS
THYROID GLAND
45
two major cell types of the thyroid gland
follicular cells and the
parafollicular cells (calcitonin)
46
I
monoatomic iodine
47
I2
diatomic iodine
48
MIT
monoiodotyrosine
49
DIT
diiodotyrosine
50
T3
triiodothyronine
51
T4
tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine
52
TPO
thyroid peroxidase
53
TGB
thyroglobulin
54
IODINE + TYROSINE =
MIT or DIT
55
Stimulates release of TSH
THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)
56
increase production and release of thyroid hormone
THYROTROPIN/ THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
57
PROTEIN CARRIERS OF THYROID HORMONES
THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN
TRANSTHYRETIN
THYROXINE BINDING ALBUMIN
58
70%T4, most ofT3
THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN
59
20%T4
TRANSTHYRETIN
60
10%T4
THYROXINE BINDING ALBUMIN
61
The major product of the thyroid gland
Most predominant thyroid hormone
A good indicator of thyroid secretory rate
TETRAIODOTHYRONINE/THYROXINE
62
3–8 times more metabolically active compared toT4
T3
63
Synthesized by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
plays a role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism
CALCITONIN
64
* Obese/ Fat
* Decreased appetite
* Inactivity
* Increased TAG and
Cholesterol
* Myxedema
* Cold Intolerance
HYPOTHYROIDISM
65
* Thin/ Slim
* Increased appetite
* Hyperactivity
* Increased ALP
* Exophthalmia
* Heat Intolerance
HYPERTHYROIDISM
66
NormalT3/T4, HighTSH
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
67
NormalT3/T4, LowTSH
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
68
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS OF THE THYROID HORMONE
HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS
GRAVE’S DISEASE
69
The most common cause of primary
hypothyroidism
HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS
70
Anti-microsomal antibodies
(anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody)
* Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
* “Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis”
HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS
71
Anti-TSH receptor antibodies or
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
GRAVE’S DISEASE
72
A most common cause of hyperthyroidism
GRAVE’S DISEASE
73
MOST SEVERE FORM OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
MYXEDEMA COMA
74
Monoatomic iodine + Tyrosine=
Monoidodotyrosine
75
Diatomic iodine + Tyrosine =
Diaodotyrosine
76
MIT + DIT
T3
77
DIT + DIT =
T4
78
✓ Routinely used to detect thyroid dysfunction
✓ Aids in early diagnosis of hypothyroidism
✓ Monitor thyroid hormone replacement therapy
TSH assay
79
Reference range of TSH ASSAY
0.4 – 4.5 mIU/L
80
✓ Measures the relationship between TRH and TSH
✓ Helpful in the detection of thyroid hormone resistance
TRH stimulation test
81
✓ Measure ability of thyroid gland to trap iodine
✓ Helps establish the cause of hyperthyroidism
Radioactive iodine uptake
82
✓ Postoperative marker of thyroid cancer
✓ Differentiates subacute thyroiditis from
thyrotoxicosis factitia
Thyroglobulin assay
83
✓ Confirm results of FT3 and FT4
✓ Distinguish between hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism
Thyroxine binding globulin assay
84
✓ Indirect estimate of the binding capacity of the plasma thyroid-binding proteins
✓ Inversely related to the unoccupied binding sites on TBG
T3 uptake test/ Thyroid Hormone Binding Ratio (THBR)
85
o Available binding sites: INCREASED
o T3U test or THBR: DECREASED
Hypothyroidism
86
o Available binding sites: DECREASED
o T3U test or THBR: INCREASED
Hyperthyroidism
87
Free T4 index
THBR x Total T4
88
THBR:
𝑇3𝑈 𝑂𝐹 𝑃𝐴𝑇𝐼𝐸𝑁𝑇 / 𝑇3𝑈 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝐸𝑅𝑈𝑀 𝑃𝑂𝑂𝐿/𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑇𝑅𝑂L
89
Pyramid-like organs located above the kidneys
ADRENAL GLAND
90
OUTER ADRENAL CORTEX is composed of?
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
91
Major mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone
92
Function: Sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone
93
Aldosterone is regulated by?
RAAS
94
Major glucocorticoid
Cortisol
95
Exhibits diurnal variation
✓ Increases blood glucose levels
Cortisol
96
Principal adrenal androgen
DHEA DIHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE
97
FUNCTIONS OF ANGIOTENSIN II
* Sodium reabsorption
* Vasoconstriction
* Increased aldosterone biosynthesis
* Trigger release of ADH for water reabsorption
98
Pyramid like organs located above the kidneys
ADRENAL GLAND
99
PRIMARY AMINE
NOREPINEPHRINE
100
The major metabolite of Norepinephrine
VANILLYLMANDELIC ACID (VMA)
101
* Neurotransmitter of both CNS and SNS
* Highest concentration in the brain
NOREPINEPHRINE (PRIMARY AMINE)
102
* Neurotransmitter of both CNS and SNS
* Produced only in adrenal gland from norepinephrine; flight or fight hormone, released in response to physiologic and psychologic stress
EPINEPHRINE (SECONDARY AMINE; ADRENALINE)
103
Most abundant medullary hormone
EPINEPHRINE
104
* Highest concentration in the brain
* Major intact catecholamine in urine
DOPAMINE (PRIMARY AMINE)
105
Major metabolite of dopamine
HOMOVANILLIC ACID (HVA)
106
It has both endocrine (Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin) and exocrine (amylase, lipase) functions
PANCREAS
107
hyperglycemic agent; produced by the ALPHA CELLS of the pancreas
Glucagon
108
hypoglycemic agent; produced by the BETA CELLS of pancreas
Insulin
109
inhibits the action of insulin and glucagon;
produced by the DELTA CELLS of the pancreas
Somatostatin
110
hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds in starch molecules, converting complex carbohydrates to simple sugars
Amylase
111
breaks down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines
Lipase
112
most potent male sex hormone
Testosterone
113
most potent female sex hormone
Estrogen
114
post-menopausal
Estrone
115
responsible for menstrual cycle, moodiness
Estradiol
116
pregnancy, produced by placenta
Estriol
117
sudden drop of estrogen because of placental removal
POST-PARTUM DEPRESSION
118
QUADRUPLETEST FOR DOWN SYNDROME (Trisomy 21)
* hCG
* InhibinA
* Alpha-fetoprotein
* estriol
119
Trisomy 13
Patau Syndrome
120
Trisomy 18
Edward Syndrome
121
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
122
Produced by the placenta
Marker of pregnancy and testicular cancer
Human Chrorionic Gonadotropin
123
hCG is increased in
Down syndrome
Choriocarcinoma
Molar pregnancy
124
hCG is decreased in
Ectopic pregnancy
