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Anatomy and Phys 2 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Anytime you hear hormones you should always think of

A

Chemical Signals

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2
Q

When you think of chemical signals you should think of

A

Ligands

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3
Q

Ligands are what kind of channels?

A

Ion and protein channels that open and close in response to chemical signals.

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4
Q

Hormones work on one or more groups of cells called

A

Target Tissues

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5
Q

Hormone Classification:
Autocrine Chemical Signals

A

chemicals which act locally and only on the same cell type that secrete them.

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6
Q

Hormone Classification:
Paracrine Chemical Signals

A

Acts locally but on different cell types.

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7
Q

Hormone Classification:
Hormone

A

Do not act locally. Travel through the blood to the target tissue.

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8
Q

Hormone Classification:
Neurohormone

A

Are chemical signals that are secreted by neurons

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9
Q

Hormone Classification:
Neurotransmitter

A

chemical secreted between two neurons

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10
Q

Hormone Classification:
Pheromones

A

Chemicals that effect the physiology and behavior of individuals in the environment.

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11
Q

The nervous systems uses what to control the body?

A

The nervous system uses electrical and chemical signals to control the body.

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12
Q

Prolactin-Releasing Hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

-PRH
Hypothalmus
Anterior pituitary
Increases prolactin Secretion.

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13
Q

The plasma membrane is made mostly of

A

Lipids and Proteins

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14
Q

Water soluable hormones will move through what?

A

Extracellular environment. It can’t mix with Lipids membranes because oil and water does not mix.

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15
Q

Hormones are regulated by

A

Negative Feedback and may be regulated by tropic hormones

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16
Q

The hormone that stays within a narrow range and will only show significant changes over long periods of time

A

Thyroid Hormone

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17
Q

The hypothalmus connects to the posterior pituitary through the …creating a connection called…

A

infundibulum
Hypothalmohypophysial tract

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18
Q

The Posterior pituitary is called the

A

Neurohypophysis

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19
Q

Hypothalmus has two extension sites of

A

Posterior Pituitary and anterior pituitary

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20
Q

When you think of the posterior pituitary you should think of the

A

Nervous System

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21
Q

Anterior Pituitary is also called the

A

adenohypophysis

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22
Q

The Anterior Pituitary is made up of … wheras posterior pituitary is made up of …

A

epithelial cells
cell bodies of neurons

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23
Q

A…. System will always be two sets of capillary networls with direct connection in between.

A

Portal

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24
Q

is a hormone which controls the release of another hormone

A

tropic hormone

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25
Q

The hypothalmus regulates hormone release from the anterior pituitary by releasing..

A

tropic hormones

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26
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

PIH
Hypothalmus
Anterior Pituitary
Slows the release of prolactin

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27
Q

Gonadotropin
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

GNRH
Hypothalmus
Anterior Pituitary
cause more luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone to be release.

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28
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

TRH
Hypothalmus
Anterior Pituitary
cause more thyroid stimulating hormone to be released.

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29
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

CRH
Hypothalmus
Anterior Pituitary
cause more adrenocorticotropic hormone to be released.

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30
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

GNRH
Hypothalmus
Anterior Pituitary
Cause more growth hormone to be released

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31
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

GNIH
Hypothalmus
Anterior Pituitary
Cause less growth hormone to be released

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32
Q

So when you see releasing or inhibiting in the hormone name, think of

A

hypothalmus- anterior pituitary

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33
Q

Oxytocin
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initals
Hypothalmus
Posterior Pituitary
Has two target tissues of smooth muscle in uterus. As baby grow it will stretch the smooth muscle. This will cause contractions
Other target tissue is the mammary glands to contract and release mil

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34
Q

The more the baby grows the more of which hormone is released

A

Oxytocin

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35
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

ADH
Hypothalmus
Posterior Pituitary
targets the kidneys
Increase urine output/water loss

36
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

ADH
Hypothalmus
Posterior Pituitary
targets the kidneys
causes water to be retained to balance BP

37
Q

Why would the body want to lose water?

A

To balance the blood pressure

38
Q

When someone is holding a large volume of water the blood pressure will be…

A

High

39
Q

Low blood pressure is the primary stimulus for the hormone

A

ADH

40
Q

Prolactin
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Anterior Pituitary
Mammary glands
Stimulate mammary glands to produce milk but not to release.

41
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

MSH
Anterior Pituitary
Targets the melanocytes of the skin
Produces more melanin

42
Q

Lipotropins
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Anterior Pituitary
Targets the adipocytes and tell them to release fats

43
Q

The lipid storing cells of our body are called

A

adipocytes

44
Q

Beta Endorphine
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Anterior Pituitary
works on the brain to stop pain.

45
Q

Growth Hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initals
Anterior Pituitary
All tissues
causes growth

46
Q

Stimulates the uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis

A

Growth Hormone

47
Q

Thyriod Stimulating Hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

TSH
Anterior Pituitary
Targets the cells of the thyroid gland
release thyroid hormone t3 t4

48
Q

Adrencorticotropic
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

ACTH
Anterior Pituitary
targets the cells of adrenal Cortex

49
Q

Adrencorticotropic
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

ACTH
Anterior Pituitary
Targets the adrenal glands
increase glucocorticoid

50
Q

Luteinizing Hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

LH
Anterior Pituitary
targets the gonads
Females-control ovulation and development of corpus luteum
Males stimulate production of testosterone

51
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

FSH
Anterior Pituitary
Targets the gonads
Females- ovarian follicles to develop, production of estrogen
Males- Stimulate sperm cell production

52
Q

Hormones of the anterior pituitary are produce by

A

epithelial cells

53
Q

The primary hormone of the pineal gland is

A

melatonin

54
Q

Thyroid hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

TH T3 and T4
Thyroid Gland
Targets most cells
increase metabolism growth, maturation

55
Q

The symbol T3 stands for

A

Triiodothyronine

56
Q

The symbol T4 stands for

A

tetraiodothronine

57
Q

The T3 and T4 refers to what?

A

the number of iodine atoms each molecules contains

58
Q

Why is it important to have iodine in our diets?

A

prevent deficienceies of the thyroid hormone.

59
Q

The thyroid hormone is needed for… or the nervous system will not develop properly.

A

tissues to mature

60
Q

Calcitonin
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initals
Thyroid Gland
Targets the osteoclasts of our bone
Regulates blood calcium levels

61
Q

Calcium is needed for

A

strong bones
membrane potential
muscle contraction
blood clotting potential

62
Q

Any cells with the “clast” at the end will be a cell that breaks down..

A

a tissue

63
Q

Osteoclasts breaks down

A

bones

64
Q

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone called

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

65
Q

Parathyroid hormone works the opposite of …by increasing..

A

Calcitonin
Osteoclasts activity

66
Q

If osteoclast activity is increased from the (PTH) then more… will be released from the bone to the bloodstream

A

Calcium

67
Q

When blood levels are low what hormone will work to increase calcium levels

A

PTH

68
Q

Parathyroid hormone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

PTH
parathyroid glands
bone, kidney, small intestine
increase osteoclast activity
calcium absorption in kidneys and small intestine. Produce Vit D

69
Q

How many adrenal glands do we have?

A

Two

70
Q

Adrenal glands have two halves, what are they called?

A

Adrenal cortex made from epithelial cells and adrenal medulla part of the sympathetic nervous system.

71
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initals
Adrenal Medulla
Many tissues
many effects

72
Q

Aldosterone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Adrenal Cortex
Kidneys
Increase sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Decrease urine output, increase blood pressure.
Hydrogen and potassium excretion in the

73
Q

Cortisol
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No inititals
Adrenal Cortex
Antiflammatory effects

74
Q

Androgens
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Adrenal Cortex
help support the function of the female reproductive system

75
Q

What are the three major cells of the pancreas and what do they do?

A

Alpha cells- Secrete glucagon
Beta Cells-secrete insulin
Delta cells- secrete somatostatin

76
Q

Insulin
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Pancreas
many cells
promote the intake of glucose and amino acids.

77
Q

Beta Cells will detect the rise in blood sugar and in response..

A

insulin will be released. Insulin works to lower blood sugar levels

78
Q

Neurons are the most active cells of the body so they must always take in

A

Sugar

79
Q

Glocagon
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Pancreas
Target energy storing sites
Secreted by the alpha cells to release energy.

80
Q

Somatostatin
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Pancreas
Alpha and beta cells
produced by the beta cells to inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion

81
Q

The hormone thymosin is believed to be involved with the maturing of

A

T-Cells Lymphocytes

82
Q

Within the testes are a collection of cells called

A

interstitial or leydig cells

83
Q

Interstitial cells produce what hormone

A

testosterone

84
Q

Thymosin
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Thymus Gland
Lymphatic System
Matures the lymphatic system

85
Q

Testosterone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Testes
Many Tissues
Development of reproductive system spermatogensis

86
Q

Estrogen
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Ovarie
Many tissues
Development of maturing reproductive system, menstrual cycle.

87
Q

Progesterone
-Initials
-Production site
-Target tissue
-Response

A

No initials
Ovaries
Many Tissue
development of reproductive system mentrual cycle and endometrium

Anatomy and Phys 2 (1 decks)

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