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Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Afferent pathway - communication between receptor and control centre

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2
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Efferent pathway - communication between control centre and effector

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3
Q

Melatonin

A

Involved in setting diurnal rhythm/ biological clock

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4
Q

Pineal gland

A

Gland in the brain that secretes melatonin; part of the endocrine system.

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5
Q

Positive feedback

A

Response in a way so as to change the variable even more in the direction of change; it promotes the change.

Used when rapid change is desirable.

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

Response in a way to reverse the direction of change and return to normal.

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7
Q

Long loop

A

Hormone produced by target gland inhibits previous two glands/control centre.

Eg hormone 3 produced by target gland inhibits anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.

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8
Q

Short loop

A

Hormone produced by first gland inhibit control centre.

Eg hormone produced by anterior pituitary gland.

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9
Q

Ultrashort loop

A

Hormone produced by control centre inhibits itself.

Eg hormone produced by hypothalamus inhibits its production in the hypothalamus.

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10
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors in hypothalamus that detects changes in osmotic pressure.

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11
Q

Osmolarity

A

The number of osmoses per LITRE of solution.

  • volume
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12
Q

Osmolality

A

The number of osmoses per KG of solution.

  • mass
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13
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical signals produced in endocrine glands or tissues that travel in the bloodstream to cause an effect on other tissues.

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14
Q

Autocrine

A

Hormone signal acts back on the cell of origin.

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15
Q

Paracrine

A

Hormone signal carried to adjacent cells over a short distance via interstitial fluid.

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16
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormone signal released into bloodstream and carried to distant target cells.

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17
Q

Neurocrine

A

Hormone originates in neurone and after transport down axon released into bloodstream and carried to distant target cells.

18
Q

Classification of hormones

A

Peptide/polypeptide

Amino acid derivatives (amines)

Glycoproteins

Steroids

19
Q

Peptide hormones

A

All water soluble.

Largest group of hormones.

Short chains of amino acids.

Eg insulin, glucagon, growth hormone.

20
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones

A

Adrenal medulla hormones are water soluble.
Thyroid hormones are lipid soluble.

Synthesised from aromatic a.a.

Eg adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroids hormones, melatonin.

21
Q

Glycoprotein hormones

A

All water soluble.

Large protein molecules, often made up of subunits, with carb side chain.

Eg luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone.

22
Q

Steroid hormones

A

All lipid soluble; all derived from cholesterol.

Steroidogenic tissues convert cholesterol to different hormones.

Eg cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, progesterone.

23
Q

Roles of carrier proteins

A
  1. Increase solubility of hormone in plasma
  2. Increase half-life
  3. Readily accessible reserve
24
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A

Family of plasma membrane receptors, eg adrenaline receptor.

25
Tyrosine kinase receptor
Family of plasma membrane receptor, eg insulin receptor.
26
Intracellular receptors
Receptors found within cells in either the cytoplasm or the DNA. Both types modulate gene expression, causing the hormone to be expressed and synthesised. Slower than the action of water soluble hormones.
27
Hypothalamus
Contains several clusters of neurones called nuclei. It acts as your body’s control communication centre. It’s main function is to keep the body in homeostasis.
28
Arcuate nucleus
A nucleus in the hypothalamus that plays a central role in controlling appetite.
29
Stimulatory neurones
A type of primary neurone in the arcuate nucleus that contains neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which promote hunger.
30
Inhibitory neurones
A type of primary neurone in the arcuate nucleus that contains pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) which yields several neurotransmitters including alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin, which promote satiety.
31
Secondary neurones
A type of neurone in the hypothalamus. Primary neurones in the arcuate nucleus synapse with secondary neurones in other regions of the hypothalamus. The signals integrate to alter feeding behaviour.
32
Ghrelin
A peptide hormone released from stomach wall when empty. Stimulates excitatory primary neurones in arcuate nucleus => stimulate appetite. Filling stomach inhibits its release.
33
PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine)
Short peptide hormone released by cells in ileum and colon in response to feeding. Inhibits excitatory primary neurones of arcuate nucleus and stimulates inhibitory neurones => suppress appetite.
34
Leptin
Peptide hormone released into blood by adipocytes. In arcuate nucleus: 1 - stimulates inhibitory neurones 2 - inhibits excitatory neurones => suppress appetite It induces the expression of uncoupling proteins in mito => energy dissipated as heat.
35
Insulin
Peptide hormone secreted by beta cells in pancreas. Suppresses appetite by similar mechanism to leptin.
36
Amylin
Peptide hormone secreted by beta cells in pancreas. Role not understood but known to suppress appetite, decrease glucagon secretion and slow gastric emptying.
37
Orexigenic
An appetite stimulant eg hormones such as ghrelin, or neuropeptide Y.
38
Anorexigenic
An appetite suppressant eg leptin, PYY or insulin.
39
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
A small groups of neutrons in anterior part of hypothalamus. It is the central pacemaker of the circadian timing system and regulates most circadian rhythms in the body.
40
Osmole
The amount of substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles.
41
Target cell
Expresses specific receptor for hormone.
42
Water soluble hormones
Two types: G protein coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors. They are faster than the action of lipid soluble hormones (think adrenaline).

MEH (14 decks)

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