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Bioregulatory Systems > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone

A

A messenger which is carried from one organ to target organ through blood stream to cause effect

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2
Q

Peptide synthesis

A

Synthesised as prohormones which require further processing to activate (have inactive forms)

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3
Q

Peptide storage

A

Stored in vesicles requiring regulatory secretion to trigger release of hormone

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4
Q

Peptide binding

A

Bind to receptors on cell membrane which transduce signal using 2nd messenger signal

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5
Q

Steroid synthesis

A

Synthesised through series of reactions from cholesterol

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6
Q

Steroid storage

A

Released immediately through constitutive secretion

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7
Q

Steroid binding

A

Bind to intracellular receptors (within DNA in nucleus) so change gene expression directly

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Sits within sella turcica of sphenoid bone
Hangs from infundibulum of hypothalamus
Close to optic chiasm

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9
Q

What is infundibulum

A

Stalk of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs

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10
Q

2 sections of pituitary gland

A

Anterior and posterior

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11
Q

Origin of anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

Epithelial origin derived from upgrowth from oral ectoderm of primitive oral cavitiy (rahkes pouch)

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12
Q

Origin of posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis

Neural tissue origin from downgrowth of diencephalon

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13
Q

Which hormones are released by anterior pituitary

A 
Somatotrophs - growth hormone (somatotrophin)
Lactotrophs - prolactin
Corticotrophs - ACTH + corticotrophin
Thyrotrophs - TSH
Gonadotrophs - LH + FSH
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14
Q

Somatrophin

A

Growth hormone released by anterior pituitary

Affects general tissues + particularly liver

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15
Q

What inhibits growth hormone release

A

Somatostatin

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16
Q

What triggers growth hormone release

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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17
Q

How does anterior pituitary release hormones

A

Needs trigger from hypothalamus (regulated)

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18
Q

How is prolactin inhibited

A

Dopamine has inhibitory control

More dopamin = less prolactin (vice versa)

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19
Q

Effect of prolactin

A

Breast of lactating women causing milk production

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20
Q

What triggers corricotroph release

A

Corticotrophin release hormone

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21
Q

What triggers TSH release

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

22
Q

Effect of TSH

A

Release of T3 + T4 in the thyroid

23
Q

Effect of corticotrophin

A

Causes adrenal cortex to release cortisol

24
Q

What triggers LH + FSH release

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

25
Q

Effect of gonadotrophs

A

On testes/ovaries

26
Q

What cells is anterior pituitary made of

A

Endocrine cells

27
Q

Direct of somatotrophin

A

Binds to receptor on target tissue to stimulate growth

28
Q

Inderect effect of somatotrophin

A

Causes insulin like growth factor (somatomedin) to form in liver
IGF-1/2 bind to different receptirs on same tissue as direct effect path

29
Q

Why does increased growth hormone not cause height increase after puberty

A

Growth plates have fused so height can no longer be increased

30
Q

What is acromegaly

A

High levels of somatotrophin (usually due to tumour) in adults

31
Q

Symptoms of acromegaly

A

Large hands
Large jaw
Soft tissue growth
No change in height

32
Q

What is gigantism

A

High levels of growth hormone during puberty

33
Q

Symptoms of gigantism

A

Coarsening of facial features

Large height increase

34
Q

Gigantism vs acromegaly

A

Both are high levels of somatotrophin
Acromegaly is in adults
Gigantism is before/during puberty

35
Q

What difference is posterior pituitary

A

Doesnt produce hormones only stores them for release - made in hypothalamus

36
Q

What hormones does posterior pituitary release

A

Argonine vasopressin

Oxytocin

37
Q

Effect of argonine vasopressin

A

An antidiuretic hormone which regulates water balance by stimulating cascade causing aquaporin water channels to move into menbrane to increase water reabsorption from urine
Causes concentrated urine (less water)

38
Q

Effect of oxytocin

A

Uterus at parturition causing contraction

Breasts during lactation causing contraction for milk ejection

39
Q

What are symptoms of pituitary tumour

A

Decreased peripheral vision

Increased hormone levels

40
Q

Why does pituitary tumour affect peripheral vision?

A

Fibres from nasal medial retinae (peripheral vision info) cross at the optic chiasm which is next to pituitary gland so tumour would compress it preventing transmission from lateral fields to the occipital lobe

41
Q

What is the thyroid gland attached to?

A

Thyroid cartilage

42
Q

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

A

2 lobes

Sometimes can have extra lobe which is just embryological remnant

43
Q

What is the isthmus on the thyroid?

A

Small middle area which connects the 2 lobes

44
Q

What are cells in thyroid

A

Circular follicular cells

Parafollicular cells

45
Q

What is the colloid? Thyroid

A

Centre of circular follicles which is thick mucus (?)

46
Q

What do parafollicular cells do?

A

Secretes calcitonin for controlling calcium

47
Q

Where are parathyroid glands?

A

2 parathyroid glands behind each thyroid gland

L/R superior and inferior parathyroid glands

48
Q

What do parathyroids do?

A

Calcium metabolism

49
Q

What happens if parathyroid take out/damaged in surgery?

A

hypoparathyroidism

50
Q

What nerve runs close to thyroid gland?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve which supplies the vocal cords

51
Q

How is the thyroid gland formed?

A
  1. Originates from base of tongue through midline outpouching from floor of larynx
  2. Develops thyroglossal duct which divided into 2 lobes
  3. Duct dissapears leaving foramen caecum
  4. Thyroid reaches final position by 7 week gestation and thyroid gland then develops

Bioregulatory Systems (2 decks)

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