endocrine tumours Flashcards

1
Q

neuroblastoma

A

tumour arises from neural crest tissue of the adrenal medulla + sympathetic nervous system

  • top 5 causes of cancer in kids
  • median age onset = 20months
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2
Q

neuroblastoma presentation

A
  • abdominal mass
  • pallor weight loss
  • bone pain, limp
  • hepatomegaly
  • paraplegia
  • proptosis
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3
Q

neuroblastoma investigation

A

raised vanillymandelic acid (VMA) + homobanillic acid (HVA) levels

calcification on abdo xray

biopsy !

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4
Q

phaemochromocytoma

A

catacholamine secreting tumour
- 10% familial

assoc with MEN II, neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

  • bilateral in 10%
  • malignant in 10%
  • extra-adrenal in 10%
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5
Q

commonest site of extra adrenal phaeochromocytoma

A

organ of zuckerandl, adjacent to bifurcation of aorta

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6
Q

phaeochromocytoma presentation

A

features typically episodic
- headaches
- palpitations
- sweating, anxiety

suuuper hypertensive

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7
Q

phaeochromocytoma investigations

A

24hr urinary collection of metanephrines

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8
Q

phaeochromocytoma management

A

definitive = surgery

stabilised with medical management first;
- alpha blocker (phenoxybenzamine) given before a
- beta blocker - propranolol

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9
Q

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1

A

3 P’s
- parathyroid (hyperparathy)
- pituitary
- pancreas (insulinoma)
—> leads to recurrent peptic ulceration

MEN1 gene
hypercalcaemia = commonest presentation

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10
Q

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2a

A

medullary thyroid cancer

2 P’s
- parathyroid
- phaeochromocytoma

RET oncogene

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11
Q

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2b

A

medullary thyroid cancer

1 P = phaeochromocytoma

  • marfanoid body habitus
  • neuromas

RET oncogene

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12
Q

insulinoma

A

a neuroendocrine tumour deriving mainly from pancreatic Islets of Langerhans cells

  • 10% malignant, 10% multiple (50% of these have MEN1)
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13
Q

insulinoma presentation

A
  • hypoglycaemia - typically early morning or before meal - diplopia, weakness
  • rapid weight gain
  • high insulin
  • raised proinsulin:insulin ration
  • high C-peptide
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14
Q

diagnosis + management of insulinoma

A

dx
- supervised prolonged fasting - up to 72hrs
- CT pancreas

mx
- surgery
- diazoxide + somatostatin if unsuitable for surgery

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15
Q

prolactinomas

A

type of pituitary adenoma, benign tumour of pit gland

  • most common pituitary adenoma
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16
Q

pituitary adenoma classification

A

size
- microadenoma <1cm
- macroadenoma >1cm

hormonal status
- secretory/functioning adenoma -> produces excess of a hormone
- non-secretory/functioning adenoma

17
Q

prolactinoma presentation

A

women
- amenorrhoea
- infertility
- galactorrhoea
- osteoporosis

men
- impotence
- loss of libido
- galactorrhoea

sx of macroadenomas
- headache
- visual disturb - bitemporal hemianopia

18
Q

diagnosis + management of prolactinomas

A

dx = MRI

mx
- dopamine agonists -> cabergoline, bromocriptine (inhibit release of prolactin)

  • surgery if don’t respond to medical
    –> transsphenoidal approach
19
Q

management of GH secreting pituitary adenomas

A

somatostatin analogues
- octretide
- lanreotide

GH receptor antagonists - pegvisomant

20
Q

management of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas

A

cortisol synthesis inhibitors
- ketoconazole
- metyrapone