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PSIO 202 > Endocrine Sytem > Flashcards

Endocrine Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of messengers does the endocrine system send out?

A

hormones

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2
Q

Which system sends chemical messages for intercellular messages that stays from days to weeks?

A

endocrine

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3
Q

What kind of messengers does the nervous system send out?

A

action potentials and neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Which system send out chemical messages that last seconds to milliseconds?

A

nervous

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5
Q

Secretes products into ducts or lumens or to the outer surface of the body

A

Exocrine glands

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6
Q

Secretes products into interstitial fluid or blood

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

Chemical messengers (a.k.a mediator messengers) released in one part of the body and regulate activity. in other parts of the body

A

Hormones

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8
Q

Act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secreted them WITHOUT first entering the blood stream

A

Local Hormones

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9
Q

IL‐2 released from helper
T cells stimulates
proliferation of helper T
cells and activation of
cytotoxic T cells is an example of a

A

Local Hormone

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10
Q

Histamine released by
mast cells stimulates HCl
secretion from parietal
cells in stomach is an example of a

A

Local Hormone

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11
Q

Which hormone can act as paracrine and autocrine at the same time?

A

IL-2

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12
Q

Enter ISF and then the bloodstream

A

Circulating Hormones

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13
Q

Bound to transport proteins for transport in body fluids

A

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

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14
Q

Freely dissolved in body fluids

A

Water-Soluble Hormones

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15
Q

Derived from Cholesterol

A

Steroid Hormones

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16
Q

Chemical groups attached ot structure’s core make it unique

A

Steroid Hormones

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17
Q

Cortisol, Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogens. Aldosterone

A

Steroid Hormone

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18
Q

Tyrosine ring attached with iodines

A

Thyroid Hormone

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19
Q

Very lipid soluble

A

Thyroid Hormone

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20
Q

Chains of amino acids

A

Peptide and Protein Hormone

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21
Q

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

Peptide and Protein Hormone

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22
Q

ADH, Oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTH

A

Peptide and Protein Hormone

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23
Q

Insulin, Glucagon, EPO

A

Peptide and Protein Hormone

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24
Q

Modified amino acids

A

Biogenic amines

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25
Q

Catecholamines, NE, Epinephrine, Dopamine

A

Biogenic Amines

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26
Q

Serotonin, Melatonin, Histamine

A

Biogenic Amines

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27
Q
  1. Lipid-Soluble Hormone diffuses into cell
  2. Activated
    receptor–hormone
    complex alters gene
    expression
    3.Newly formed
    mRNA directs
    synthesis of
    specific proteins
    on ribosomes
  3. New proteins alter
    cell’s activity
A

Mechanism of Steroid Hormone

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28
Q

-Leave secretory cell
by diffusion
‐Require transport
proteins
‐Diffuse freely into
target cells
‐Receptors are
typically
intracellular
‐Work by changing
level of specific
gene expression

A

Steroid Hormone Action

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29
Q

The response by target cells to
steroid hormones is relatively

A

Slow

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30
Q

-Leave secretory cell by
exocytosis
‐Don’t require transport
proteins
‐Bind to cell surface receptors
‐Typically evoke changes in
activity of existing proteins
via second messengers
e.g. c‐AMP
‐Second messengers alter
phosphorylation state of
existing proteins

A

Peptide Hormone Action

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31
Q

The response by target cells to
water‐soluble hormones is

A

VERY very fast

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32
Q
  1. Binding of hormone (1st messenger) to its receptor activates a specific G protein, which activates adenylate cyclase
  2. Activated adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP serves as a 2nd messenger to activate protein kinases
  4. Activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins
  5. Millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
  6. Phospho‐diesterase inactivates cAMP
A

Peptide Action Hormone

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33
Q

Kinases ____ phosphates, phosphatases _____ them

A

adds, removes

34
Q

Example of the same hormone may use different second messengers in
different target cells

A

Norephinephrine

35
Q

Second messengers initiate ________________ reactions
(often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation) within target cells

A

a cascade of biochemical

36
Q

Blood vessels are controlled by the _____ division of the ANS as well as by hormones such as ______.

A

sympathetic, angiotensin ll

37
Q

__________ receives input
from cortex, thalamus, limbic
system & internal organs

A

Hypothalamus

38
Q

________ provides a link
between the external and
internal environment and the
endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

__________ and _______
together control almost all
aspects of growth,
development, metabolism,
and homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary

40
Q

A hormone that regulates the function
of endocrine cells or glands

A

Tropic Hormone

41
Q

Example of a tier of tropic hormones

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads

42
Q

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland with special hormones called ____________________ and
_______________

A

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones.

43
Q

The hypothalamus releases
other hormones directly
into circulation through the

A

Posterior pituitary

44
Q

For the ____________, the hypothalamus makes the hormones. For the ____________, the hypothalamus controls it w/ releasing & inhibiting hormones

A

posterior pituitary, anterior pituitary

45
Q

The hypothalamus can send motor
_________ to various tissue ________
(smooth muscle, glands, etc.)

A

impulses, effectors

46
Q

The hypothalamus can make use of the
____________________________________ by
secreting ___________________________

A

endocrine system as an effector, releasing and/or inhibiting hormones (tropic hormones)

47
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones act
on ______________________________

A

target cells in the anterior pituitary

48
Q

_______________ secrete human Growth Hormone (hGH)

A

Somatotrophs

49
Q

_________________ secrete Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Thyrotrophs

50
Q

________________ secrete Prolactin (PRL)

A

Lactotrophs

51
Q

_______________ secrete Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotrophs

52
Q

_______________________ secrete Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

Corticotrophs

53
Q

Anterior Pituitary is also
called the ______________

A

adenohypophysis

54
Q

Posterior pituitary is also called the __________

A

neurohypophysis

55
Q
  • Does not synthesize hormones
  • Consists of axon terminals from 2 groups of hypothalamic neurons
  • These neurons release 2 peptide hormones that enter capillaries
A

Posterior Pituitary

56
Q

resembles neural tissue; it has glial
cells, nerve fibers, nerve endings, and neurosecretory vesicles

A

Posterior Pituitary

57
Q

Synthesized in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus in response to
signals from osmoreceptors which monitor blood hydration status

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

58
Q

Three main targets:
‐Kidney: Decreases diuresis (water loss) at kidneys, via increased water
reabsorption.
‐Sweat glands: Decreases water loss
‐Arterioles: Causes vasoconstriction (“vasopressin”)

A

ADH

59
Q

Synthesized in paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Oxytocin (OT)

60
Q

Two main targets:
– Uterus: during labor
– Mammary glands: after delivery

A

OT

61
Q

Dehydration or high blood osmolarity

A

ADH released by posterior pituitary

62
Q

Over-hydration or low blood osmolarity

A

ADH release inhibited

63
Q

When drinking alcohol

A

ADH release inhibited

64
Q

– Caused by lack of ADH or
nonfunctional ADH receptors
– Inability of kidneys to conserve H2 O
– Excessive urination

A

Diabetes insipidus

65
Q

(lack of ADH) leads to an increase in urine output from 1‐2 L/day to 20 L/day. Treatment is replacement therapy (injection or nasal spray!)

A

Diabetes insipidus

66
Q

Oxytocin’s role as an effector of _____________________ regulation: regulation of uterine contraction
during childbirth (labor)

A

Positive Feedback

67
Q

Oxytocin’s role as an effector of ______________: regulation of mammary gland function after delivery

A

Negative Feedback Regulation

68
Q

Within target cells hGH increases synthesis of__________ that act locally or enter bloodstream

A

insulin‐like growth factors

69
Q

– increase cell growth and cell division by increasing the uptake of amino acids and synthesis of proteins
– stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue (released fatty acids are used for ATP production in most body cells)
– decrease glucose use by most body cells so blood glucose levels remain high enough to supply the brain

A

Insulin-like growth factors

70
Q

Stimuli for GHRH

A

Hypoglycemia, deep sleep, decreased fatty acids and increased amino acids in the blood, increased sympathetic stimulation

71
Q

Stimuli for GHIH

A

Hyperglycemia, REM sleep, increased fatty acids and decreased amino acids in the blood, obesity, low levels of thyroid hormones, high levels of hGH

72
Q

– stimulates secretion of estrogen
– initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary

A

FSH inn females

73
Q

– stimulates sperm production in teste

A

FSH in males

74
Q

from hypothalamus stimulates gonadotrophs in
anterior pituitary to produce LH

A

GnRH

75
Q

– secretion of estrogen and progesterone
– ovulation
– formation of corpus luteum

A

LH in females

76
Q

– secretion of testosterone

A

LH in males

77
Q

Formation of Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)

A
  1. Iodide trapping by follicular cells
  2. Synthesis & release of thyroglobulin (TGB) into colloid
  3. Oxidation of iodide
  4. Iodination of TGB tyrosines in colloid
  5. Formation of T3 & T4 by combining T1 and T2 together
  6. Uptake & digestion of TGB by follicle cells
  7. Secretion (diffusion) of T3 & T4 into blood
  8. Binding and transport of T3 & T4 by thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
78
Q

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

A

Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) by stimulating
the cellular use of O2 to produce ATP
 increased cellular catabolism of glucose
(glycolysis), fatty acids (beta oxidation) and
triglycerides (lipolysis)

Increase synthesis of Na+/K+ ATPase
 more ATP is used to pump ions
 ATP use produces heat, which raises body
temperature
 called the calorigenic effect

Enhance some actions of sympathetic nervous system
by up-regulating beta-receptors
 increased heart rate, contractility &blood pressure

Stimulate growth* (in conjunction with hGH and
insulin), particularly during development
* primarily nervous system & skeletal system

79
Q
  • During development, infancy and/or early childhood:
    results in dwarfism and severe mental retardation
    (congenital hypothyroidism or cretinism)
  • In the adult:
    results in edema, low heart rate, muscle weakness,
    sensitivity to cold, low body temperature, weight
    gain and mental dullness (myxedema)
A

Thyroid Gland Disorders - Hypo-secretion

80
Q

weight loss, nervousness,
tremor, increased heart
rate and blood pressure ,
exophthalmos (edema
behind eyes), high body
temp, sweating indicates symptoms of

A

Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease)

81
Q

Goiters…

A

occurs because TSH levels are high
 stimulates growth of thyroid gland
* can be associated with hyperthyroidism,
hypothyroidism or euthyroidism
* dietary lack of iodine leads to low
thyroid hormone (T3/T4) production
 stimulates TSH by negative feedback
 stimulates thyroid gland growth

PSIO 202 (1 decks)

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