Endocrine System pt 2 Flashcards
- increases active vitamin D
formation - cause reabsorption of
bone tissue to release Ca2+ into the
circulatory system.
Parathyroid hormone
Beta cells
Insulin
a greatly enlarged thyroid gland
Endemic Colloid Goiter
caused by lack of insulin secretion.
Type I diabetes, also called
insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM)
- The inner zone of the cortex
- Secretes the adrenal androgens
dehydroepiandrosterone and
androstenedione, as well as small amounts
of estrogens and some glucocorticoids.
zona reticularis
helps regulate blood nutrient levels
Glucocorticoids
Delta cells of the islets of Langerhans
- acts locally within the islets of
Langerhans themselves to depress
secretion of both insulin and
glucagon.the body
Somatostatin
secretes an entirely
different group of hormones, called
corticosteroids
Adrenal cortex
Effect on the Distribution of Body Hair
- Over the pubis
- Upward along the linea alba of the abdomen sometimes to the
umbilicus - On the face,
- Usually on the chest
- Less often on other regions of the body, such as the back.
People with gigantism can reach up to?
8 feet tall
● are opposite to those of
hyperthyroidism
● is often initiated by autoimmunity
against the thyroid gland (Hashimoto
disease), but immunity that destroys the
gland rather than stimulates it
Hypothyroidism
- the most common form of
hyperthyroidism - an autoimmune disease in which
antibodies called thyroid-stimulating
immunoglobulins (TSIs) form against
the TSH receptor in the thyroid gland.
Graves’ disease
- A child who has reached the age of 10years may have the bodil development of a child aged ______,
4 to 5 years
is more important than calcitonin in
regulating blood Ca2+ levels.
Parathyroid Glands
Alpha cells:
Glucagon
It secretes the
hormones: epinephrine and
norepinephrine in response to
sympathetic stimulation
Adrenal medulla
Testosterone decreases the growth of
hair on the top of the head; a man who
does not have functional testes does
not become bald
Male Pattern Baldness
- is responsible for the distinguishing
characteristics of the masculine body - formation of a penis and a scrotum
Testosterone
- a thin layer of cells that lies just underneath
the capsule. - These cells are the only ones in the adrenal gland capable of secreting significant amounts of aldosterone because of aldosterone synthase
zona glomerulosa
endocrine part of the endocrine organ
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
- The islets secrete three hormones—_____, _______, and ______which help
regulate the blood levels of nutrients,
especially glucose.
insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
- Primarily binds to receptor molecules in the kidney, but it also affects the
intestine, sweat glands, and salivary
glands. - Causes Na+ and water to be retained in the body and increases the rate at which K+ is eliminated.
Aldosterone
- lies in the upper part of the
thoracic cavity - It is important in the function of
the immune system.
Thymus
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
● A high state of excitability
● Intolerance to heat
● Increased sweating
● Mild to extreme weight loss
● Varying degrees of diarrhea
● Muscle weakness
● Nervousness or other psychic disorders● Extreme fatigue but inability to sleep● Tremor of the hands.
● Exophthalmos
the
same person at age________ may
have the bodily development of a child aged 7 to 10 years.
20 years
ordinarily has________, and the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are prone to degenerate because they become overactive
owing to the hyperglycemia.
hyperglycemia
result from generalized deficiency of
anterior pituitary secretion during
childhood
- all the physical parts of the body
develop in appropriate proportion to
one another
Dwarfism
which increases the breakdown of
proteins and lipids and increases their
conversion to forms of energy the body
can use. - Cortisol ca
Cortisol
- Decreased secretion of all anterior
pituitary hormones in patients - it may occur suddenly or slowly at any time during life, most often resulting
from a pituitary tumor that destroys
the pituitary gland.
Panhypopituitarism
a. Is mobilization of fat from the lower
part of the body, with concomitant
xtra deposition of fat in the thoracic
nd upper abdominal regions, giving
ise to a buffalo torso.
Hyperadrenalism
most secondary sexual
characteristics of females
Estrogen
- the patient can usually be treated
satisfactorily by administering
_______ and _________
adrenocortical and thyroid hormones.
in about _____ of giants, full-blown
diabetes mellitus eventually develops.
10%
- GH-producing cells of the anterior
pituitary gland become excessively
active, and sometimes even
acidophilic tumors occur in the gland
Gigantism
- The middle and widest zone
- Secretes the glucocorticoids cortisol and
corticosterone, as well as small amounts of
adrenal androgens and estrogens.
zona fasciculata
- Primarily in response to the elevated blood
glucose levels - Increased parasympathetic stimulation
associated with digestion of a meal. - If blood glucose levels are too high, the
kidneys produce large volumes of urine
containing substantial amounts of glucose.
Because of the rapid loss of water in the
form of urine, dehydration can result
Insulin
A hormone secreted by the alpha cells
Glucagon
Breakdown of liver glycogen
(glycogenolysis)
- Occurs at 14 years old
a. Increased blood glucose
b. Increased utilization of fats for energy
c. Depletion of the body’s proteins.
Juvenile
Diabetes Mellitus
