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Pre-DC A&P ll Lab Final Here > Endocrine System Objectives > Flashcards

Endocrine System Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Explain why the endocrine system is so closely related to the nervous system

A

The endocrine system “works in conjunction” with the nervous system.

  • It’s general function is: to integrate body systems (i.e. maintain homeostasis).
  • The glands are effectors/ body parts that are stimulated by motor responses from the AUTONOMIC NS.
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2
Q

Distinguish between an endocrine gland and exocrine gland

A

Endocrine Gland:Endocrine System gland that secretes hormones directly into the BLOODSTREAM; a ductless gland that runs 24/7

Exocrine Gland: NOT part of Endocrine System secretes substances into DUCTS, which leave the body (i.e. sweat/sebaceous glands), or into an internal space or lumen (i.e. digestive glands)

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3
Q

Define the term: Hormone

A

Hormone: a very powerful substance secreted by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream, that affects the function of another cell or “target cell” at a distant site.

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4
Q

General characteristics of a hormone

A
  1. Potent- needed in very small amounts
  2. produces long lasting effects in the cells they target
  3. regulates metabolic processes (maintains homeostasis)
  4. are regulated by negative feed-back mechanisms (negative = decreased release) (positive feedback = increased release)
  5. may be: steroidal or non-steroidal
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5
Q

Distinguish between a steroidal and non-steroidal hormone, in terms of composition and action

A

Steroidal: (produced from cholesterol = fat soluble)
passes easily through target cell membrane.

Non-Steroidal: (water soluble). Requires a receptor on the target cell membrane to allow the hormone to enter the cell. –>(activates a 2nd messenger that activates a cell.)

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6
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

HA(PPPP)(TTT)O

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Adrenals
  3. Pituitary (hypophysis)
  4. Pineal gland
  5. Parathyroids
  6. Pancreas
  7. Thyroid
  8. Thymus
  9. Testes
  10. Ovaries
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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Secretes “releasing hormones”/ “inhibitory”, that target the anterior pituitary gland. (Most hormones begin with the hypothalamus)

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8
Q

Anterior pituitary gland secretes what 7 hormones?

A

Secretes 7 different hormones:

  1. Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
  2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  4. Prolactin (PRL)
  5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  7. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) –>melanin
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9
Q

Hormone Secreted: HGH

a. Target organ of the hormone
b. Effect of each hormone

A

a. targets: bone, muscle, and adipose tissue
b. controls growth of body

Somatotropin:
From pituitary gland, Pituitary GH

Somatomedin:
From the liver. Directly responsible for growth of muscles and bones

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10
Q

Hormone Secreted: TSH

a. Target organ of the hormone
b. Effect of each hormone

A

a. thyroid gland

b. controls secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

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11
Q

Hormone Secreted: ACTH

a. Target organ of the hormone
b. Effect of each hormone

A

a. Outer portion of the adrenal gland (cortex)

b. controls the secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex

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12
Q

Hormone Secreted: PRL

a. Target organ of the hormone
b. Effect of each hormone

A

a. mammary glands

b. stimulates production of milk

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13
Q

Hormone Secreted: FSH

a. Target organ of the hormone
b. Effect of each hormone

A

a. it’s a gonadotropin (stimulates activity of gonads), which targets ovaries and testes
b.
Females: FSH stimulates maturation of an ovarian follicle and ovum (formation of endometrium)
Males: FSH stimulates maturation of sperm in testes

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14
Q

Hormone Secreted: LH

a. Target organ of the hormone
b. Effect of each hormone

A

a. it’s a gonadotropin, which targets ovaries and testes
b.
Females: LH causes ovulation
Males: LH causes secretion of testosterone

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15
Q

Pregnancy hormone

A

progesterone

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16
Q

“master” of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

17
Q

Define gonadotropin and the 2 gonadotropins that are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland:

A

FSH and LH

18
Q

Explain how the posterior pituitary gland does NOT produce hormones, but DOES secrete them:

A

Doesn’t produce hormones because the hypothalamus does this, but DOES store them until stimulated to release them.

19
Q

Releasing Hormones (inhibitory) secreted by Hypothalamus that target the Anterior Pituitary Gland:

A
  1. HGH
  2. TSH
  3. ACTH
  4. PRL
  5. FSH
  6. LH
  7. MSH
20
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

21
Q

Describe how calcium levels are maintained in the blood

A

Calcitonin and PTH

Calcitonin: Decreases blood calcium levels
(stimulates OSTEOBLASTS) and targets DISTAL convulated tubules

Parathyroid Hormone PTH:
Increases blood calcium
(activates OSTEOCLASTS) bones cells targets PROXIMAL convulated tubules

22
Q

What 2 hormones work together to regulate water and electrolyte levels in blood thus regulating blood pressure

A

ADH and Aldosterone

causes DCT to reabsorb water back into bloodstream, therefore controls water balance and increases BP

23
Q

Where is ADH made

A

made in Supraoptic nuclei of Hypothalamus

-Targets Collecting Ducts of Kidneys

24
Q

Where is Oxytocin (OT) made?

A

made in Paraventricular nuclei

25
Q

Describe how glucose levels are maintained in the blood

A

Pancreas:
functions as a mixed gland (endo and exocrine-> digestion)
-Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans produces Insulin and Glucagon.

Insulin: (eating) produced by BETA cells, DECREASES blood glucose levels

Glucagon: (fasting) produced by ALPHA cells, INCREASES glucose levels

26
Q

Why does the Thymus gland decrease as we age?

A

the immune system produces most of the T cells during childhood and requires very few after puberty.

this gland produces the hormone, Thymosin which affects maturation of lymphocytes (T-cells)

27
Q

which gland (hormone) whose production is stimulated by sunlight?

A

Pineal Gland secretes melatonin, which regulates sleep cycles

28
Q

Define Gonads

A

they produce gametes: germ cell that unites w/opp sex to produce a zygote

29
Q

Function of LH

A

Secreted by: anterior pituitary

Targets:
Males-> interstitial cells in testes -> testosterone secretion
Females -> mature ovarian follicle -> ovulation

30
Q

Function of FSH

A

Targets:
Males-> tubules of testes - sperm production
Females-> ovarian follicle - follicle/ovum maturation

31
Q

Adrenal Cortex (outer portion of adrenal gland, on top of kidney) Produces steroid hormones when stimulated by ACTH

A
  1. -Top:
    Zona Glomerulosa : Aldosterone - increases BP - also a mineralcorticoid
  2. Zona Fasciculata (biggest zone): Cortisol - regulates metabolism along w/ T3 and T4 - also a Glucorticoid

3.-bottom zone:
Zona Reticularis: supplemental sex hormones (estrogens and adrogens) that target secondary sex hormones

Adrenal medulla is the next layer down

32
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A

slow bone growth and closing of epiphyseal plates before normal height is reached - they are short in stature

Hyposecretion of GH during growth years

33
Q

Pituitary Giantism

A

abnormal increase in length of bones

Hypersecretion of GH during growth years

34
Q

Acromegaly

A

Appositional growth
hands, feet, cheeks, jaw, thicken

Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

35
Q

Diabetes Mellitus : Type 1

A
  • 10%
  • Idiopathic
  • Patients <20 years
  • absolute insulin deficiency
  • autoimmune disorder (b cells are destroyed/don’t make insulin like they are suppose to)
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Ketoacidosis (low pH)
36
Q

complications of diabetes

A

Atherosclerosis, CV disease, gangrene, blindness, retinal vascular disease, renal failure

37
Q

Diabetes Mellitus: Type ll

A

90%

  • patients >40 years
  • overweight
  • hypertension
38
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

9/1 ratio
90% T4-> Storage form

T3 is biologically active form

  • they increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating cellular oxygen used to produce ATP
  • Regulate metabolism
39
Q

Chief Cell

A

secretes parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland

Pre-DC A&P ll Lab Final Here (3 decks)

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