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A&P II > Endocrine System (Lab) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (Lab) Flashcards

1
Q

The primary role of the endocrine system is to ___________.

A

Maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

The endocrine system achieves its function by the secretion of __________.

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into ____________.

A

The bloodstream

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4
Q

Endocrine glands are (duct/ductless) glands.

A

Ductless

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5
Q

The control provided by the endocrine system occurs (faster/slower) and lasts (longer/shorter) when compared to the nervous system.

A

Slower, longer

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6
Q

The primary endocrine glands located in the cranial cavity include the ________ gland and ________ gland.

A

Pituitary, pineal

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7
Q

The _________ gland and _________ gland are located in the neck, along with the _________.

A

Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus

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8
Q

The _________ and _________ glands are in the abdominal cavity, specifically, retroperitoneal

A

Pancreas, adrenal

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9
Q

The gonads include the _________ (female) and the _________ (male).

A

Ovaries, testes

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10
Q

The entire pituitary gland is also called the _________.

A

Hypophysis

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11
Q

Why is the pituitary gland also called the hypophysis?

A

It is located beneath the brain.

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12
Q

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by way of a narrow stalk, called the _________.

A

Infundibulum

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13
Q

The pituitary gland consists of 2 lobes, or parts: the _________ pituitary and _________ pituitary.

A

Anterior, posterior

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14
Q

The anterior pituitary is also called the _________.

A

Adenohypophysis

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15
Q

The Latin “adeno” means _________.

A

“Gland”

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16
Q

The anterior pituitary is composed of _________ _________.

A

Glandular epithelium

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17
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes 6 hormones. List them.

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  2. Leutinizing hormone (LH)
  3. Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  5. Prolactin (PRL)
  6. Growth hormone (GH)
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18
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones?

A

Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and leutinizing hormone (all but prolactin)

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19
Q

Describe the role of growth hormone.

A

Regulates metabolism and body growth

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20
Q

Describe the role of adenocorticotropic hormone.

A

Activates the adrenal gland

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21
Q

Describe the role of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland

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22
Q

Describe the role of prolactin.

A

Stimulates milk secretion by the mammary glands

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23
Q

Describe the role of follicle-stimulating hormone.

A

Stimulates development of ova in females and sperm in males

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24
Q

Describe the role of leutinizing hormone.

A

Stimulates secretion of sex hormones by the gonads

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25
Q

The posterior pituitary is also called the _________.

A

Neurohypophysis.

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26
Q

Why is the posterior pituitary also called the neurohypophysis?

A

It is composed of nervous tissue.

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27
Q

(T/F) The infundibulum is also considered part of the neurohypophysis.

A

True

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28
Q

The 2 hormones released by the neurohypophysis are _________ and _________.

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

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29
Q

(T/F) The hormones synthesized by the neurohypophesis are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A

False. Oxytocin and ADH are released by the neurohypophysis, but synthesized in the hypothalamus

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30
Q

Describe the role of antidiuretic hormone.

A

Stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys to reduce urine volume.

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31
Q

Why is antidiuretic hormone also called vasopressin?

A

ADH promotes vasoconstriction in order to maintain blood pressure.

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32
Q

Describe the role of oxytocin.

A

Stimulates contractions of the uterus and milk secretion by the mammary glands

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33
Q

The pineal gland releases the hormone _________.

A

Melatonin

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34
Q

Describe the role of melatonin.

A

Regulates biological rhythms, including sleep cycles. It may also inhibit reproductive functions.

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35
Q

Which stains darker: the anterior or posterior pituitary? Why?

A

The anterior pituitary stains darker because it is composed of glandular tissue. The posterior pituitary stains lighter because it is composed of nervous tissue.

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36
Q

The thyroid gland consists of 2 lobes connected by a narrow bridge called the _________.

A

Isthmus

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37
Q

Inside the thyroid are microscopic follicles that contain large insoluble protein molecules known as _________.

A

Colloid

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38
Q

The walls of the follicles in the thyroid are _________ _________ or _________ _________ epithelium, consisting of secretory cells called _________ cells.

A

Simple cuboidal, simple columnar, follicle

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39
Q

The follicle cells of the thyroid gland secrete _________.

A

Thyroglobulin

40
Q

Between the follicles of the thyroid are _________ cells.

A

Parafollicular

41
Q

The thyroid gland secretes 3 hormones. List them.

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4)
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
  3. Calcitonin (CT)
42
Q

Which 2 hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are secreted by follicle cells?

A

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

43
Q

Which hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is secreted by parafollicular cells?

A

Calcitonin

44
Q

Describe the role of thyroxin.

A

Secreted by follicle cells, it regulates the breakdown of glucose and the synthesis of most cells of the body.

45
Q

Describe the role of triiodothyronine.

A

Secreted by follicle cells, it works in conjunction with thryoxine to produce the same effects (regulate breakdown of glucose and synthesis of most cells of the body).

46
Q

Together, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are referred to as _________ hormone.

A

Thyroid

47
Q

Describe the role of calcitonin.

A

Secreted by parafollicular cells, it stimulates the production of new bone material. An important effect of producing new bone is the reduction of calcium levels in the blood.

48
Q

(T/F) Calcitonin acts as an antagonist to parathyroid hormone.

A

True

49
Q

The parathyroid glands secrete a single hormone _________ _________.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

50
Q

Describe the role of parathyroid hormone.

A

Provides an opposite effect of calcitonin by increasing calcium levels in the blood. pTH is an antagonist of calcitonin; they work together to regulate calcium levels in the blood and the concentration of calcium in bone.

51
Q

The parathyroid gland contains 2 types of cells: _________ cells and _________ cells.

A

Chief, oxyphil

52
Q

Which cell type within the parathyroid gland stains darker?

A

Chief cells

53
Q

Which cell type within the parathyroid gland stains lighter?

A

Oxyphil cells

54
Q

Parathyroid hormone is secreted by which cell type?

A

Chief cells

55
Q

PTH is secreted by cells in response to:

A

Low extracellular calcium levels detected by receptors in the cell membrane

56
Q

Which 2 hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands are antagonistic?

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

57
Q

The thymus gland secretes 3 hormones. List them.

A
  1. Thymosin
  2. Thymulin
  3. Thymopoietin
58
Q

The hormones of the thymus gland are vital to the development of which cell type?

A

T-cells

59
Q

What is a T-cell, and what is its function?

A

A T-cell is a lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and plays a central role in immune response

60
Q

The thymus gland is largest at which stage of development?

A

Infants and children

61
Q

The process by which the thymus shrinks during puberty is known as _________.

A

Involution

62
Q

The adrenal glands can be found where?

A

Superior to the kidneys

63
Q

The adrenal cortex produces a class of steroid hormones called _________.

A

Corticosteroids

64
Q

The adrenal cortex can be divided into 3 distinct zones. List them from most exterior to most interior.

A

Outer: Zona glomerulosa
Middle: Zona fasciculata
Inner: Zona reticularis

65
Q

The zona glomerulosa secrete which class of hormones?

A

Mineralocorticoids (think “salty”)

66
Q

Which hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa causes the retention of sodium ions in cells?

A

Aldosterone (think “salty”)

67
Q

The zona fasciculata secretes which class of hormones?

A

Glucocorticoids (think “sweet”)

68
Q

Which hormone secreted by the zona fasciculata reduces inflammation after conversion by the liver?

A

Cortisol (think “sweet”)

69
Q

(T/F) Mineralocorticoids primarily affect the electrolyte composition of body fluids.

A

True

70
Q

(T/F) Glucocorticoids primarily effect the rates of sucrose metabolism.

A

False. Glucocorticoids primarily effect the rates of glucose metabolism

71
Q

The inner region of the adrenal cortex is called the _________ _________.

A

Zona reticularis

72
Q

Which class of hormones are secreted by the zona reticularis?

A

Gonadocorticoids (think “sexy”)

73
Q

Androgen, the precursor molecule to the sex hormones _________ in males and _________ in females, is secreted by the zona reticullaris.

A

Testosterone, estrogen

74
Q

The adrenal medulla’s secretions participate in the sympathetic response of _________ ___ _________.

A

Fight or flight.

75
Q

The class of hormones released by the adrenal medulla are the _________.

A

Catecholamines

76
Q

Name 2 examples of hormones released by the adrenal medulla.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

77
Q

The endocrine cells of the pancrease are isolated into small clusters, known as _________ _________ or _________ ___ _________.

A

Pancreatic islets, islets of Langerhans

78
Q

Each pancreatic islet contains 2 primary secretory cell types: _________ cells and _________ cells.

A

Alpha, beta

79
Q

Which hormone is secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas?

A

Glucagon

80
Q

Which hormone is secreted by beta cells of the pancreas?

A

Insulin

81
Q

Describe the role of glucagon.

A

When glucose levels fall below normal levels, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells, stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides in fat cells, and stimulates glucose production in the liver.

82
Q

Describe the role of insulin.

A

When glucose levels exceed normal levels, instulin enhances glucose absorption into cells and its utilization by metabolism. Also stimulates glycogen formation in liver and skeletal muscle cells.

83
Q

Why is the pancrease referred to as a “mixed gland”?

A

It has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

84
Q

Which cell type of the pancreas performs the endocrine functions?

A

Pancreatic islets

85
Q

Which cell type of the pancreas performs the exocrine functions?

A

Acini cells

86
Q

The male gametes are known as _________.

A

Sperm

87
Q

The testes secrete which hormone?

A

Testosterone

88
Q

Which cells within the testes secrete testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells

89
Q

The testes are the male _________.

A

Gonads

90
Q

The ovaries are the female _________.

A

Gonads

91
Q

Female gametes are known as _________.

A

Ova

92
Q

Which cell type secretes estrogen in the ovaries?

A

Follicular cells

93
Q

Describe the role of estrogen.

A

Responsible for the preparation of the endometrium to receive a fertilized ovum and the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics

94
Q

The corpus luteum secretes _________.

A

Progesterone

95
Q

Describe the role of progesterone.

A

Responsible for maintaining the endometrium during a pregnancy

96
Q

The interstitial cells of the male testes are also called _________ cells.

A

Leydig

A&P II (2 decks)

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