Endocrine System Hormones Flashcards
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TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone)
Gland: Hypothalamus
Target: Anterior pituitary
Effect: Stimulates release of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and prolactin
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency: Imbalances in TRH can lead to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism due to downstream effects on TSH and thyroid hormones.
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Thyroid gland
Effect: Stimulates secretion of T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones)
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Hyperthyroidism
Deficiency: Hypothyroidism
Melatonin
Melatonin
Gland: Pineal gland
Target: Brain and other tissues
Effect: Regulates circadian rhythms (sleep-wake cycle)
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Sleepiness, mood disorders
Deficiency: Insomnia
CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)
Gland: Hypothalamus
Target: Anterior pituitary
Effect: Stimulates release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Type: Amino acid-based
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Adrenal cortex
Effect: Stimulates secretion of cortisol
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Cushing’s syndrome
Deficiency: Addison’s disease
Glucagon
Gland: Pancreas (alpha cells)
Target: Liver
Effect: Increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Hyperglycemia
Deficiency: Hypoglycemia
PIH (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone)
Gland: Hypothalamus
Target: Anterior pituitary
Effect: Inhibits prolactin secretion
Type: Amino acid-based
PRL (Prolactin)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Mammary glands
Effect: Stimulates milk production
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Galactorrhea, infertility
Deficiency: Poor lactation
Insulin
Gland: Pancreas (beta cells)
Target: Most body cells, liver, muscle, adipose tissue
Effect: Decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Hypoglycemia
Deficiency: Diabetes mellitus
GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone)
Gland: Hypothalamus
Target: Anterior pituitary
Effect: Stimulates release of growth hormone (GH)
Type: Amino acid-based
GH (Growth Hormone)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Liver, bone, muscle, cartilage
Effect: Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and increases blood glucose
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Gigantism (children), acromegaly (adults)
Deficiency: Dwarfism
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
Gland: Heart (atria)
Target: Kidneys, blood vessels
Effect: Decreases blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion and vasodilation
Type: Amino acid-based
Somatostatin (GHIH)
Gland: Hypothalamus, pancreas
Target: Anterior pituitary, pancreas
Effect: Inhibits release of growth hormone, TSH, insulin, and glucagon
Type: Amino acid-based
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Ovaries and testes
Effect: Stimulates gamete production and estrogen secretion
Type: Amino acid-based
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Target: Ovaries and testes
Effect: Stimulates ovulation and secretion of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
Type: Amino acid-based
Oxytocin
Gland: Posterior pituitary
Target: Uterus and mammary glands
Effect: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding
Type: Amino acid-based
T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)
Gland: Thyroid gland
Target: Most body cells
Effect: Increases metabolic rate, promotes growth and development
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves’ disease)
Deficiency: Hypothyroidism, cretinism (infants)
Calcitonin
Gland: Thyroid gland
Target: Bone
Effect: Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
Type: Amino acid-based
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Gland: Posterior pituitary
Target: Kidneys
Effect: Promotes water retention and reduces urine output
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Deficiency: Diabetes insipidus
Calcitriol
Gland: Kidneys (activated form of vitamin D)
Target: Intestines
Effect: Increases calcium absorption from the digestive tract
Type: Steroid-based
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
Gland: Parathyroid glands
Target: Bone, kidneys, intestines
Effect: Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity, calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and activation of vitamin D
Type: Amino acid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia)
Deficiency: Hypoparathyroidism (hypocalcemia)
Cortisol
Gland: Adrenal cortex
Target: Most body cells
Effect: Regulates metabolism, increases blood glucose, suppresses immune response, and aids in stress adaptation
Type: Steroid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Cushing’s syndrome
Deficiency: Addison’s disease
Aldosterone
Gland: Adrenal cortex
Target: Kidneys
Effect: Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion, increasing blood pressure
Type: Steroid-based
Excess/Deficiency:
Excess: Hyperaldosteronism
Deficiency: Addison’s disease
Estrogen
Gland: Ovaries
Target: Reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics
Effect: Regulates menstrual cycle, promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics
Type: Steroid-based
