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Scientific Root Words, Prefixes, And Suffixes > Endocrine System Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine System Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A

Gland: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior pituitary

Effect: Stimulates release of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and prolactin

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency: Imbalances in TRH can lead to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism due to downstream effects on TSH and thyroid hormones.

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2
Q

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Target: Thyroid gland

Effect: Stimulates secretion of T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones)

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Hyperthyroidism

Deficiency: Hypothyroidism

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3
Q

Melatonin

A

Melatonin

Gland: Pineal gland

Target: Brain and other tissues

Effect: Regulates circadian rhythms (sleep-wake cycle)

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Sleepiness, mood disorders

Deficiency: Insomnia

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4
Q

CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A

Gland: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior pituitary

Effect: Stimulates release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Type: Amino acid-based

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5
Q

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Target: Adrenal cortex

Effect: Stimulates secretion of cortisol

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Cushing’s syndrome

Deficiency: Addison’s disease

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6
Q

Glucagon

A

Gland: Pancreas (alpha cells)

Target: Liver

Effect: Increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Hyperglycemia

Deficiency: Hypoglycemia

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7
Q

PIH (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone)

A

Gland: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior pituitary

Effect: Inhibits prolactin secretion

Type: Amino acid-based

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8
Q

PRL (Prolactin)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Target: Mammary glands

Effect: Stimulates milk production

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Galactorrhea, infertility

Deficiency: Poor lactation

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9
Q

Insulin

A

Gland: Pancreas (beta cells)

Target: Most body cells, liver, muscle, adipose tissue

Effect: Decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Hypoglycemia

Deficiency: Diabetes mellitus

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10
Q

GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone)

A

Gland: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior pituitary

Effect: Stimulates release of growth hormone (GH)

Type: Amino acid-based

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11
Q

GH (Growth Hormone)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Target: Liver, bone, muscle, cartilage

Effect: Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and increases blood glucose

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Gigantism (children), acromegaly (adults)

Deficiency: Dwarfism

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12
Q

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

A

Gland: Heart (atria)

Target: Kidneys, blood vessels

Effect: Decreases blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion and vasodilation

Type: Amino acid-based

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13
Q

Somatostatin (GHIH)

A

Gland: Hypothalamus, pancreas

Target: Anterior pituitary, pancreas

Effect: Inhibits release of growth hormone, TSH, insulin, and glucagon

Type: Amino acid-based

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14
Q

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Target: Ovaries and testes

Effect: Stimulates gamete production and estrogen secretion

Type: Amino acid-based

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15
Q

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Target: Ovaries and testes

Effect: Stimulates ovulation and secretion of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

Type: Amino acid-based

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16
Q

Oxytocin

A

Gland: Posterior pituitary

Target: Uterus and mammary glands

Effect: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding

Type: Amino acid-based

16
Q

T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)

A

Gland: Thyroid gland

Target: Most body cells

Effect: Increases metabolic rate, promotes growth and development

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves’ disease)

Deficiency: Hypothyroidism, cretinism (infants)

17
Q

Calcitonin

A

Gland: Thyroid gland

Target: Bone

Effect: Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Type: Amino acid-based

18
Q

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A

Gland: Posterior pituitary

Target: Kidneys

Effect: Promotes water retention and reduces urine output

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Deficiency: Diabetes insipidus

19
Q

Calcitriol

A

Gland: Kidneys (activated form of vitamin D)

Target: Intestines

Effect: Increases calcium absorption from the digestive tract

Type: Steroid-based

20
Q

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

A

Gland: Parathyroid glands

Target: Bone, kidneys, intestines

Effect: Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity, calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and activation of vitamin D

Type: Amino acid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia)

Deficiency: Hypoparathyroidism (hypocalcemia)

21
Q

Cortisol

A

Gland: Adrenal cortex

Target: Most body cells

Effect: Regulates metabolism, increases blood glucose, suppresses immune response, and aids in stress adaptation

Type: Steroid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Cushing’s syndrome

Deficiency: Addison’s disease

22
Q

Aldosterone

A

Gland: Adrenal cortex

Target: Kidneys

Effect: Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion, increasing blood pressure

Type: Steroid-based

Excess/Deficiency:

Excess: Hyperaldosteronism

Deficiency: Addison’s disease

23
Q

Estrogen

A

Gland: Ovaries

Target: Reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics

Effect: Regulates menstrual cycle, promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics

Type: Steroid-based

24
Q

Progesterone

A

Gland: Ovaries (corpus luteum)

Target: Uterus, mammary glands

Effect: Maintains pregnancy and regulates menstrual cycle

Type: Steroid-based

25
Q

Testosterone

A

Gland: Testes

Target: Reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics

Effect: Promotes spermatogenesis and development of male secondary sex characteristics

Type: Steroid-based

26
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Gland: Kidneys

Target: Bone marrow

Effect: Stimulates red blood cell production

Type: Amino acid-based

27
Q

Thymopoietin

A

Gland: Thymus

Target: T lymphocytes

Effect: Promotes maturation of T cells for immune function

Type: Amino acid-based

28
Q

Renin

A

Gland: Kidneys

Target: Angiotensinogen (in blood)

Effect: Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, leading to blood pressure regulation

Type: Amino acid-based

29
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Gland: (Not secreted by a gland; activated in blood by renin)

Target: Blood vessels, adrenal cortex

Effect: Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release

Type: Amino acid-based

Scientific Root Words, Prefixes, And Suffixes (7 decks)

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