Endocrine System & Hormones

Question 1

Produced by cell > Blood > Target cell > Outer or Inner Receptor > Message carried out.

This is endocrine signaling and more specifically how the _________ are activated.

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

Where is the cell receptor located if a 1st messenger is used?

Answer 2

Inside the cell.

Question 3

Where is the cell receptor if a 2nd messenger is used?

Answer 3

Outside the cell.

Question 4

Most of the peptide (protein) hormones have receptors located on the _________of the cell.

Answer 4

Outside.

(Usually associated with phosphorylation or dephosphorylation)

Question 5

Most of the steroid (cholesterol) hormones have receptors located on the _________of the cell.

Answer 5

Inside

(Usually go straight to the DNA to increase protein synthesis to have an effect.)

Question 6

Which glands are ductless and release secretions directly into the blood stream?

Answer 6

Endocrine glands

Question 7

Which glands release secretions via a duct that empties onto an epithelial surface?

Answer 7

Exocrine glands.

Question 8

The human endocrine system. Which ones are glands and which ones are cells?

Answer 8

Question 9

What is the location of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands?

Answer 9

Question 10

When hypothalamus is stimulated, the neurons make the trophic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and then sends them to ____________________. They are then released into the portal vein where they are carried directly to the ___________ and when released when the hypothalamus signals it to do so.

When the hypothalamus is stimulated, the _________ , located in the _____________, release their hormones into the veins for distribution for the rest of the body.

Answer 10

Posterior pituitary, anterior pituitary
Endocrine cells, anterior pituitary

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

What are the three ways hormones can simultaneously act on a single target. What are they called?

Answer 12

Synergistic Action-Hormones working together get a better response than one alone.

Permissiveness-One hormone can’t exert full effect without the help of another hormone.

Antagonistic-Two hormones have opposing physiological actions.

Question 13

Specific hormones that control growth and metabolism include:

Answer 13

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone.

Question 14

What are corticosteroids?
What hormones do they include?

Answer 14

They are hormone steroids released by the adrenal cortex.
Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

Question 15

What does the Adrenal Cortex release?

Answer 15

Corticosteroids.

Question 16

What does the Adrenal Medulla release?

Answer 16

Catecholamines.

Question 17

What are catecholamines?
What are some examples of catecholamines?
Which amino acid are they synthesized from?

Answer 17

Hormones released in response to stress.
Dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
l-Tyrosine.

Question 18

Which amino acid is the precursor for thyroid hormones?

Answer 18

Tyrosine

Question 19

The catecholamines bind to ā1, ă2, ₿1, and ₿2 adrenergic receptors.

Which catecholamines have a greater affinity for the ā1 and ă2 adrenergic receptors?

Which catecholamines have a greater affinity for the ₿1 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 19

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine and epinephrine have equal affinity for the ₿1 adrenergic receptors.

Question 20

Which amino acid is the precursor for catecholamines and thyroid hormones?

Answer 20

l-Tyrosine

Question 21

What is the precursor for all steroid hormones?

Answer 21

Cholesterol.

Question 22

What is ACTH which is produced by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 22

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 23

Which cells do the pancreatic endocrine cells synthesize?

Answer 23

Beta cells - Insulin

Alpha cells - Glucagon

D cells - Somatostatin

Question 24

Which do the pancreatic exocrine cells synthesize?

Answer 24

Digestive enzymes such as lipase and dumps them into the duodenum.

Question 25

What are the 3 hormones that are responsible for maintaining calcium balance in the blood?

Answer 25

Calcitonin-Stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone to lower blood calcium levels

Parathyroid (PTH)-Osteoclasts breakdown bone to raise blood calcium levels.

Calcitriol (Vitamin D) - Acts on cells in the gastrointestinal tract to increase the production of calcium transport proteins, which results in increased uptake of calcium from the gut into the body. This is the only mechanism by which the body can increase its calcium stores

Blood calcium should be 9-11 mg/100. Usually only an imbalance when hormone imbalance present.

High calcium, hardens or calcifies soft tissues.

Question 26

At what level of blood glucose is insulin secretion stimulated?

Answer 26

Blood glucose levels 100 mg/dL

Parasympathetic nervous system also stimulates insulin secretion.

Question 27

At what level of blood glucose is the secretion of insulin inhibited?

Answer 27

Blood glucose < 100

The sympathetic nervous system also inhibits secretion of insulin.

Question 28

This is what happens when glucose stimulates insulin release:

Answer 28

Question 29

What stimulates release of glucagon?

Answer 29

Blood glucose levels < 200 mg/dL

Question 30

What does the growth hormone stimulate?

Answer 30

Anabolic metabolism and protein synthesis.

Gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose.

Anti-insulinemic

Lipolysis