Endocrine System (and blood) Flashcards by Annika Nye

What tissue are endocrine glands made up of?

epithelial tissue

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What are the two sides of an epithelial cell?

apical and basal

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What makes up the basement membrane?

protiens (good for structure and stability)

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What side of the cell does an exocrine gland release its product to?

apical side

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What side of the cell does an endocrine gland release its product to?

basal side

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What is the name of an endocrine product?

hormone

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Where does the hormone get released to?

the blood

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What type of effect does a hormone have?

long lived and global

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What are the two types of hormones?

amino acid based & steroidal

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Can amino acid based hormones enter cells?

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Can steroidal hormones enter cells?

yes (made of cholesterol)

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What type of hormone would trigger the receptors found on a cells’ plasma membrane?

amino acid based

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What could happen when a hormone binds to a receptor? (5)

1) change membrane permeability
2) synthesis of enzymes
3) activate/deactivate enzymes
4) increase rate of gland release
5) induce mitosis

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What is humoral stimuli for?

responding to changes in blood ion levels

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What is neural stimuli for?

nervous system activates

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What is hormonal stimuli for?

activating another hormone

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What gland produces GHRH and GHIH?

hypothalamus

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What gland releases/produces GH?

pituitary gland

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Which gland has receptors for GHRH and GHIH?

pituitary gland

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What type of feedback loop is the GHRH/GHIH/GH loop?

negative

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What disorders can occur when GH levels are off?

gigantism and dwarfism

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What type of cells make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

pancreatic islet cells

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What hormone do alpha cells make?

glucagon

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What hormone do beta cells make?

insulin

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Where are receptors for glucagon located?

the liver

Where are receptors for insulin located?

fat cells

What genetic disorder occurs when insulin isn't produced by the body?

type one diabetes

What disorder is (generally) a result of a poor diet and causes an insulin deficiency in the body?

type 2 diabetes

What are 'side effects' or symptoms of diabetes?

polyuria, polydipsia, & polysphagia

What type os tissue is blood?

connective

what are the three main functions of blood?

1) distribute nutrients and waste products 2) regulate temp and pH 3) protection via blood clots and immunity

Where do the formed elements in the blood come from?

stem cells in red bone marrow

What are the formed elements?

RBC, WBC, & platelets

What makes up 90% of plasma?

water

What does the plasma protein albumin do?

control movement so water in and out of cells

What do the plasma proteins, alpha and beta globulins, do?

carry cholesterol, hormones, ions, etc

What does the plasma protein fibrinogen do?

helps with blood clotting

What do gamma globulins do?

help body remove antigens

What are the three layers that results from centrifuging blood?

plasma, buffy coat, RBC's

What would indicate that your WBC's are currently in their immune response?

elevated levels of WBC

What would indicate that there is a disease attacking your bodies WBC's?

low levels of WBC

What disease is a result of low RBC levels?

anemia

What test is a measure of the % of blood that are RBC's?

hematocrit

Do RBC's have a nucleus?

nope

Why are RBC's referred to as 'bags of hemoglobin'?

they transport gases

What cytoskeletal protein is in RBC's?

spectrin

What does spectrin do for cells?

help them change shape to fit through vessels

What is hematopoiesis?

process in which all blood cells are created

What is erythropoiesis?

process of forming RBC

Where are RBC's formed?

spongy bone in red bone marrow

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

type of capillaries found in spongy bone (they have very leaky walls)

What is the benefit of the leaky walls of sinusoidal capillaries?

allows new blood cells to enter the blood stream

What cell is formed as a result of dividing stem cells?

hemocytoblast

2nd cell in RBC formation

myeloid progenitor

3rd cell in RBC formation

proerythroblast

4th cell in RBC formation

early erythroblast

5th cell in RBC formation

late erythroblast

6th cell in RBC formation

reticulocyte

7th cell in RBC formation

mature RBC

Which cells are found in the blood (RBC formation)?

reticulocytes and mature RBC

What does the hormone erythropoietin do in terms of regulating RBC levels?

increases the rate of maturation

Which WBC are granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Which WBC's are agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

Which WBC is responsible for starting the immune response?

lymphocytes

Which WBC develops into macrophages in the tissue?

monocytes

What does a basophil do?

release histamine during the inflammatory response

Which WBC plays a role in allergic reactions and asthma?

eosinophils

What does a neutrophil do?

phagocytize pathogens and debris

What is hemostasis?

process of stopping bleeding

What are platelets formed from?

megakaryocyte

How do platelets enter the bloodstream?

as the megakaryocyte grows, parts of it chip off into the blood vessel

What is the main function of platelets?

stop bleeding/form clots

Why don't platelets clot all of your blood?

they are in their inactive state

What are nitric oxide and prostacyclin? (released by endothelium)

vasodilators

What are the three major stages of coagulation?

1) vascular spasm 2) platelet plug 3) coagulation

What is the goal of the vascular spasm stage of coagulation?

reduce blood flow through vessels

What is the goal of the platelet plug formation stage of coagulation?

plug the hole in the vessel with platelets

What is the goal of the coagulation stage of coagulation?

make blood less likely to flow

What changes the shape of inactive platelets to their active state?

serotonin

Which two substances attract more platelets to the area of damage?

serotonin and ADP

Which pathway brings clotting factors released by cells responding to the damage?

intrinsic

Which pathway brings clotting factors released by the damaged cells?

extrinsic

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathway both lead to the activation of...

coagulation factor x

Factor X binds to platelets with...

PF3

Fibrinogen, a soluble molecule, turns into which insoluble molecule during coagulation?

fibrin

What pulls the would together once the 'mesh' is in place?

actin

What causes endothelial cells to divide at the end of coagulation?

PDGF

What is the name of a stationary blood clot?

thrombus

what is the name of a blood clot that moves throughout the blood stream?

embolism

Where do embolisms primarily get stuck and cause problems in the body?

lungs and brain (stroke)

Aspirin and heparin are blood thinner that block the...

prothrombin activator to stop clotting from occur