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BI 208 > Endocrine System (and blood) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (and blood) Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue are endocrine glands made up of?

A

epithelial tissue

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2
Q

What are the two sides of an epithelial cell?

A

apical and basal

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3
Q

What makes up the basement membrane?

A

protiens (good for structure and stability)

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4
Q

What side of the cell does an exocrine gland release its product to?

A

apical side

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5
Q

What side of the cell does an endocrine gland release its product to?

A

basal side

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6
Q

What is the name of an endocrine product?

A

hormone

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7
Q

Where does the hormone get released to?

A

the blood

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8
Q

What type of effect does a hormone have?

A

long lived and global

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9
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

amino acid based & steroidal

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10
Q

Can amino acid based hormones enter cells?

A

no

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11
Q

Can steroidal hormones enter cells?

A

yes (made of cholesterol)

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12
Q

What type of hormone would trigger the receptors found on a cells’ plasma membrane?

A

amino acid based

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13
Q

What could happen when a hormone binds to a receptor? (5)

A

1) change membrane permeability
2) synthesis of enzymes
3) activate/deactivate enzymes
4) increase rate of gland release
5) induce mitosis

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14
Q

What is humoral stimuli for?

A

responding to changes in blood ion levels

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15
Q

What is neural stimuli for?

A

nervous system activates

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16
Q

What is hormonal stimuli for?

A

activating another hormone

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17
Q

What gland produces GHRH and GHIH?

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

What gland releases/produces GH?

A

pituitary gland

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19
Q

Which gland has receptors for GHRH and GHIH?

A

pituitary gland

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20
Q

What type of feedback loop is the GHRH/GHIH/GH loop?

A

negative

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21
Q

What disorders can occur when GH levels are off?

A

gigantism and dwarfism

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22
Q

What type of cells make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

pancreatic islet cells

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23
Q

What hormone do alpha cells make?

A

glucagon

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24
Q

What hormone do beta cells make?

A

insulin

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25
Q

Where are receptors for glucagon located?

A

the liver

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26
Q

Where are receptors for insulin located?

A

fat cells

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27
Q

What genetic disorder occurs when insulin isn’t produced by the body?

A

type one diabetes

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28
Q

What disorder is (generally) a result of a poor diet and causes an insulin deficiency in the body?

A

type 2 diabetes

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29
Q

What are ‘side effects’ or symptoms of diabetes?

A

polyuria, polydipsia, & polysphagia

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30
Q

What type os tissue is blood?

A

connective

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31
Q

what are the three main functions of blood?

A

1) distribute nutrients and waste products
2) regulate temp and pH
3) protection via blood clots and immunity

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32
Q

Where do the formed elements in the blood come from?

A

stem cells in red bone marrow

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33
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

RBC, WBC, & platelets

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34
Q

What makes up 90% of plasma?

A

water

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35
Q

What does the plasma protein albumin do?

A

control movement so water in and out of cells

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36
Q

What do the plasma proteins, alpha and beta globulins, do?

A

carry cholesterol, hormones, ions, etc

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37
Q

What does the plasma protein fibrinogen do?

A

helps with blood clotting

38
Q

What do gamma globulins do?

A

help body remove antigens

39
Q

What are the three layers that results from centrifuging blood?

A

plasma, buffy coat, RBC’s

40
Q

What would indicate that your WBC’s are currently in their immune response?

A

elevated levels of WBC

41
Q

What would indicate that there is a disease attacking your bodies WBC’s?

A

low levels of WBC

42
Q

What disease is a result of low RBC levels?

A

anemia

43
Q

What test is a measure of the % of blood that are RBC’s?

A

hematocrit

44
Q

Do RBC’s have a nucleus?

A

nope

45
Q

Why are RBC’s referred to as ‘bags of hemoglobin’?

A

they transport gases

46
Q

What cytoskeletal protein is in RBC’s?

A

spectrin

47
Q

What does spectrin do for cells?

A

help them change shape to fit through vessels

48
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

process in which all blood cells are created

49
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

process of forming RBC

50
Q

Where are RBC’s formed?

A

spongy bone in red bone marrow

51
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

type of capillaries found in spongy bone (they have very leaky walls)

52
Q

What is the benefit of the leaky walls of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

allows new blood cells to enter the blood stream

53
Q

What cell is formed as a result of dividing stem cells?

A

hemocytoblast

54
Q

2nd cell in RBC formation

A

myeloid progenitor

55
Q

3rd cell in RBC formation

A

proerythroblast

56
Q

4th cell in RBC formation

A

early erythroblast

57
Q

5th cell in RBC formation

A

late erythroblast

58
Q

6th cell in RBC formation

A

reticulocyte

59
Q

7th cell in RBC formation

A

mature RBC

60
Q

Which cells are found in the blood (RBC formation)?

A

reticulocytes and mature RBC

61
Q

What does the hormone erythropoietin do in terms of regulating RBC levels?

A

increases the rate of maturation

62
Q

Which WBC are granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

63
Q

Which WBC’s are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

64
Q

Which WBC is responsible for starting the immune response?

A

lymphocytes

65
Q

Which WBC develops into macrophages in the tissue?

A

monocytes

66
Q

What does a basophil do?

A

release histamine during the inflammatory response

67
Q

Which WBC plays a role in allergic reactions and asthma?

A

eosinophils

68
Q

What does a neutrophil do?

A

phagocytize pathogens and debris

69
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

process of stopping bleeding

70
Q

What are platelets formed from?

A

megakaryocyte

71
Q

How do platelets enter the bloodstream?

A

as the megakaryocyte grows, parts of it chip off into the blood vessel

72
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

stop bleeding/form clots

73
Q

Why don’t platelets clot all of your blood?

A

they are in their inactive state

74
Q

What are nitric oxide and prostacyclin? (released by endothelium)

A

vasodilators

75
Q

What are the three major stages of coagulation?

A

1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug
3) coagulation

76
Q

What is the goal of the vascular spasm stage of coagulation?

A

reduce blood flow through vessels

77
Q

What is the goal of the platelet plug formation stage of coagulation?

A

plug the hole in the vessel with platelets

78
Q

What is the goal of the coagulation stage of coagulation?

A

make blood less likely to flow

79
Q

What changes the shape of inactive platelets to their active state?

A

serotonin

80
Q

Which two substances attract more platelets to the area of damage?

A

serotonin and ADP

81
Q

Which pathway brings clotting factors released by cells responding to the damage?

A

intrinsic

82
Q

Which pathway brings clotting factors released by the damaged cells?

A

extrinsic

83
Q

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathway both lead to the activation of…

A

coagulation factor x

84
Q

Factor X binds to platelets with…

A

PF3

85
Q

Fibrinogen, a soluble molecule, turns into which insoluble molecule during coagulation?

A

fibrin

86
Q

What pulls the would together once the ‘mesh’ is in place?

A

actin

87
Q

What causes endothelial cells to divide at the end of coagulation?

A

PDGF

88
Q

What is the name of a stationary blood clot?

A

thrombus

89
Q

what is the name of a blood clot that moves throughout the blood stream?

A

embolism

90
Q

Where do embolisms primarily get stuck and cause problems in the body?

A

lungs and brain (stroke)

91
Q

Aspirin and heparin are blood thinner that block the…

A

prothrombin activator to stop clotting from occur

BI 208 (1 decks)

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