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Pediatric Surgery > Endocrine System - Anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine System - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Ductless glands

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

Major Endocrine organs

A

Pituitary, Adrenals, Thyroid, Pineal

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3
Q

Endocrine components within solid organs

A

Testis, Ovaries, Pancreas, Kidneys

TOP K

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4
Q

Diffuse neuroendrocrine system

A

GI, Respiratory system

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5
Q

Location of the pituitary gland

A

Sella turcica

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6
Q

Sella turcica is a part of which bone in the skull?

A

Sphenoid bone

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7
Q

Also known as Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior Pituitary

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8
Q

Also known as Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior Pituitary

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9
Q

Weight and Dimensions of Pituitary gland

A

0.5g (adults)
1.0 - 1.5g (children)
10 x 13 x 16 cm

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10
Q

Embyonically, the pituitary gland is from?

A
  1. Developing brain
  2. Developing oral cavity
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11
Q

Largest area of anterior pituitary gland
75% of the adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis

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12
Q

Cells found in anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Chromophils
  2. Chromophobes
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13
Q

Most abundant cells in Pars distalis?
Least?

A

Most abundant - Somatotrophs
Least - Thyrotrophs

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14
Q

What are the acidophils and basophils? Color?

A

Acidophils (red/orange) - Somatotrophs, Lactotrophs
Basophils (blue/purple) - Corticotrophs, Gonadotrophs, Thyrotrophs

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15
Q

Somatotrophs secrete?
Gonadotrophs secrete?
Corticotrophs secrete?

A
  1. Somatotropin (GH)
  2. Gonadotropin (FSH and LH)
  3. POMC (ACTH and B-LPH)
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16
Q

Funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis

A

Pars tuberalis

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17
Q

Most abundant cells in Pars tuberalis?

A

Gonadotrophs

FSH and LH

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18
Q

Zone of basophilic cells between pars distalis and pars nervosa

A

Pars intermedia

Colloid-filled cyst

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19
Q

Pars intermedia is best developed during?

A

Fetal life

20
Q

Pars intermedia is best developed during?

A

Fetal life

21
Q

Stimulates growth in epiphyseal plates via IGF produced in the liver

A

Somatotropin

22
Q

Promotes milk production

23
Q

Promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion

A

FSH

Mnemonic: FESH - estrogen

24
Q

Promotes ovatian follicle maturation and progesterone secretion

A

Luteinizing Hormone

Mnemonic: L-HP

25
Q

Promotes spermatogenesis

A

FSH

Note: fSh = Sertoli cells - spermatogenesis

26
Q

Promotes androgen secretion

A

Luteinizing hormone

LH - Leydig cells - secretes testosterone and androgen

27
Q

Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

A

ACTH

Adenocorticotropin (ACTH)

28
Q

Helps regulate lipid metabolism

A

LPH

Lipotropin

29
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa - Mineralo corticoids - Aldosterone
  2. Zona fasciculata - Glucocorticoids - Cortisol
  3. Zona reticularis - Androgens - Sex hormones
30
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

31
Q

Consists of pars nervosa and infundibular stalk, does not contain the cells that synthesizes the hormones

A

Neurohypophysis/Posterior Pituitary Gland

32
Q

Supraoptic cell bodies produce?

33
Q

Paraventricular cell bodies produce?

34
Q

Types of cells in the Posterior Pituitary gland

A
  1. Pituicytes - glial cells, resemble astrocytes, most abundant
  2. Herring bodies - axonal dilations where ADH and Oxytocin accumulate
35
Q

Hypothalamic - Hypophyseal tract

A

Hypothalamus
Supraoptic (ADH), Paraventricular (Oxytocin) -> Infundibulum -> Pars nervosa -> Stored

36
Q

Peptide hormones

A

ADH and Oxytocin

37
Q

Blood supply of the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal system

A

Internal carotid artery
1. Superior hypophyseal a. - anterior pituitary
- Primary plexus -> infundibulum and median eminence
- Secondart plexus - pars distalis
2. Inferior hypophyseal a. - posterior pituitary

Hypophyseal vein (drainage)

38
Q

Damaged anterior pituitary gland = Inc. ACTH -> Inc. cortisol

A

Cushing’s disease

39
Q

Benign tumor = excessive functional acidophils and basophils = Inc. activity of secretory cells

A

Pituitary Adenoma

Adenoma - gland - benign

40
Q

Excessive growth before closure of epiphyseal bone plates

A

Gigantism

occurs in children

41
Q

Excessive growth after closure of epiphyseal bone plates

A

Acromegaly

occurs in adults

42
Q

Epiphysis cerebrii

A

Pineal gland

43
Q

Size of pineal gland

smallest gland

A

5-8mm x 3-5mm, pinecone shaped connected to the diencephalon by pineal stalk

44
Q

Origin of Pineal gland

A

Neuroectoderm in the posterior wall of 3rd ventricle

45
Q

Major secretory cells of the pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes

Round shape, basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatic nuclei

46
Q

Production of Melatonin

A

Light -> Retina -> Suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) -> Pineal gland

47
Q

Formed by mineralization of Ca2+, Mg salts and extracellular protein; excellent marker of pineal gland

A

Corpus arenacea (Brain sand)

Pediatric Surgery (2 decks)

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