Endocrine System - Anatomy

Question 1

Ductless glands

Answer 1

Endocrine glands

Question 2

Major Endocrine organs

Answer 2

Pituitary, Adrenals, Thyroid, Pineal

Question 3

Endocrine components within solid organs

Answer 3

Testis, Ovaries, Pancreas, Kidneys

TOP K

Question 4

Diffuse neuroendrocrine system

Answer 4

GI, Respiratory system

Question 5

Location of the pituitary gland

Answer 5

Sella turcica

Question 6

Sella turcica is a part of which bone in the skull?

Answer 6

Sphenoid bone

Question 7

Also known as Neurohypophysis

Answer 7

Posterior Pituitary

Question 8

Also known as Adenohypophysis

Answer 8

Anterior Pituitary

Question 9

Weight and Dimensions of Pituitary gland

Answer 9

0.5g (adults)
1.0 - 1.5g (children)
10 x 13 x 16 cm

Question 10

Embyonically, the pituitary gland is from?

Answer 10

1. Developing brain
2. Developing oral cavity

Question 11

Largest area of anterior pituitary gland
75% of the adenohypophysis

Answer 11

Pars distalis

Question 12

Cells found in anterior pituitary gland

Answer 12

1. Chromophils
2. Chromophobes

Question 13

Most abundant cells in Pars distalis?
Least?

Answer 13

Most abundant - Somatotrophs
Least - Thyrotrophs

Question 14

What are the acidophils and basophils? Color?

Answer 14

Acidophils (red/orange) - Somatotrophs, Lactotrophs
Basophils (blue/purple) - Corticotrophs, Gonadotrophs, Thyrotrophs

Question 15

Somatotrophs secrete?
Gonadotrophs secrete?
Corticotrophs secrete?

Answer 15

1. Somatotropin (GH)
2. Gonadotropin (FSH and LH)
3. POMC (ACTH and B-LPH)

Question 16

Funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis

Answer 16

Pars tuberalis

Question 17

Most abundant cells in Pars tuberalis?

Answer 17

Gonadotrophs

FSH and LH

Question 18

Zone of basophilic cells between pars distalis and pars nervosa

Answer 18

Pars intermedia

Colloid-filled cyst

Question 19

Pars intermedia is best developed during?

Answer 19

Fetal life

Question 20

Pars intermedia is best developed during?

Answer 20

Fetal life

Question 21

Stimulates growth in epiphyseal plates via IGF produced in the liver

Answer 21

Somatotropin

Question 22

Promotes milk production

Answer 22

Prolactin

Question 23

Promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion

Answer 23

FSH

Mnemonic: FESH - estrogen

Question 24

Promotes ovatian follicle maturation and progesterone secretion

Answer 24

Luteinizing Hormone

Mnemonic: L-HP

Question 25

Promotes spermatogenesis

Answer 25

FSH | Note: fSh = Sertoli cells - spermatogenesis

Question 26

Promotes androgen secretion

Answer 26

Luteinizing hormone | LH - Leydig cells - secretes testosterone and androgen

Question 27

Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 27

ACTH | Adenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Question 28

Helps regulate lipid metabolism

Answer 28

LPH | Lipotropin

Question 29

Adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 29

1. Zona glomerulosa - Mineralo corticoids - Aldosterone 2. Zona fasciculata - Glucocorticoids - Cortisol 3. Zona reticularis - Androgens - Sex hormones

Question 30

Adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 30

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Question 31

Consists of pars nervosa and infundibular stalk, does not contain the cells that synthesizes the hormones

Answer 31

Neurohypophysis/Posterior Pituitary Gland

Question 32

Supraoptic cell bodies produce?

Answer 32

ADH

Question 33

Paraventricular cell bodies produce?

Answer 33

Oxytocin

Question 34

Types of cells in the Posterior Pituitary gland

Answer 34

1. Pituicytes - glial cells, resemble astrocytes, most abundant 2. Herring bodies - axonal dilations where ADH and Oxytocin accumulate

Question 35

Hypothalamic - Hypophyseal tract

Answer 35

Hypothalamus Supraoptic (ADH), Paraventricular (Oxytocin) -> Infundibulum -> Pars nervosa -> Stored

Question 36

Peptide hormones

Answer 36

ADH and Oxytocin

Question 37

Blood supply of the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal system

Answer 37

**Internal carotid artery** 1. Superior hypophyseal a. - anterior pituitary - Primary plexus -> infundibulum and median eminence - Secondart plexus - pars distalis 2. Inferior hypophyseal a. - posterior pituitary **Hypophyseal vein (drainage)**

Question 38

Damaged anterior pituitary gland = Inc. ACTH -> Inc. cortisol

Answer 38

Cushing's disease

Question 39

Benign tumor = excessive functional acidophils and basophils = Inc. activity of secretory cells

Answer 39

Pituitary Adenoma | Adenoma - gland - benign

Question 40

Excessive growth **before** closure of epiphyseal bone plates

Answer 40

Gigantism | occurs in children

Question 41

Excessive growth **after** closure of epiphyseal bone plates

Answer 41

Acromegaly | occurs in adults

Question 42

Epiphysis cerebrii

Answer 42

Pineal gland

Question 43

Size of pineal gland | smallest gland

Answer 43

5-8mm x 3-5mm, pinecone shaped connected to the diencephalon by pineal stalk

Question 44

Origin of Pineal gland

Answer 44

Neuroectoderm in the posterior wall of 3rd ventricle

Question 45

Major secretory cells of the pineal gland

Answer 45

Pinealocytes | Round shape, basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatic nuclei

Question 46

Production of Melatonin

Answer 46

Light -> Retina -> Suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) -> Pineal gland

Question 47

Formed by mineralization of Ca2+, Mg salts and extracellular protein; excellent marker of pineal gland

Answer 47

Corpus arenacea (Brain sand)