Endocrine System

Question 1

insulin-dependent diabetes

Answer 1

type I

usually caused by immunological destruction of beta cells in the endocrine pancreas

Question 2

insulin-independent diabetes

Answer 2

type 2

usually linked to obesity and physical activity

Question 3

hormone that responds to low blood glucose

Answer 3

glucagon

Question 4

hormone that responds to high blood glucose

Answer 4

insulin

Question 5

steroid hormones are derived from

Answer 5

cholesterol

Question 6

steroid hormone characteristics

Answer 6

lipid soluble (hydrophobic)
receptors inside the cytosol or cell nucleus
lead to gene transcription
move in blood via plasma protein carriers
must be free to diffuse through cell membrane

Question 7

peptide hormones

Answer 7

water soluble (hydrophilic)
cannot pass through the cell membrane easily
receptors that reside on the cell membrane
lead to cell signaling pathways

Question 8

Gs receptor mechanism

Answer 8

increased activity of adenylyl cyclase –> increase intracellular cAMP–> activation of protein kinase A –> phosphorylation of numerous cytosolic and nuclear substrates

Question 9

Gi receptor mechanism

Answer 9

inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity–> reduced intracellular cAMP

Question 10

Gq receptor mechanism

Answer 10

triggers changes in intracellular calcium
activates second messangers IP3 and DIG –> activates calcium signaling and PKC activity–> PKA phosphorylates numerous substances–> change cell and tissue behavior

Question 11

Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

Answer 11

hypothalamus releases TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) to the pituitary gland which stimulates the released of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) into systemic circulation which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4

Question 12

Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Answer 12

hypothalamus released CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH (andrenocorticoitropic hormone) which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Question 13

Which gland are glucocorticoids produced in?

Answer 13

Adrenal Glands

Question 14

Which gland are mineralocorticoids produced in?

Answer 14

Adrenal Glands

Question 15

Where is aldosterone produced

Answer 15

Adrenal Glands (mineralocorticoid)

Question 16

Where is cortisol produced

Answer 16

Adrenal Glands (glucocorticoid)

Question 17

Which gland are sex steroids produced in?

Answer 17

Adrenal Glands

Question 18

Where is the internal circadian oscillator located?

Answer 18

suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

Question 19

pulsatile hormone secretion is a characteristic of which hormone class

Answer 19

gonadotropins (example: LH)