Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine System > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between exocrine glands and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine: release ENZYMES into the the external environment via ducts

Endocrine: release HORMONES directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is true of all hormones?

A

They all act by binding to protein receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones?

A

1) peptides
2) steroids
3) tyrosine derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the common enzymes that activate the 2nd messenger system?

A

cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are all peptide hormones manufactured?

A

the rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are steroid hormones manufactured?

A

the smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most steroid hormones regulate enzyme activity at the level of…….?

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the main solubility / transport differences between peptide hormones and steroid hormones?

A

Peptides: are water soluble so they can travel through the bloodstream without a proteint carrier, but bind to the OUTSIDE of the effector

Steroids: are hydrophobic so they need a carrier protein to dissolve in the blood, but can DIFFUSE THROUGH the cell membrane an their effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main steroid hormones?

A

1) gonadal hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
2) glucocorticoid: Cortisol
3) mineralcorticoids: Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the tyrosine derivative hormones?

A

1) thyroids: T3 & T4

2) catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

The nervous system is fast and specific, while the endocrine system in slower and more generalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is another term for the anterior pituitary?

A

“Adenohypophysis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

A

1) Follicle Stimulating Hormone, FSH
2) Luteinizing Hormone, LH
3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, ACTH
4) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, TSH
5) Prolactin
6) human Growth Hormone, hGH

“FLAT PiG”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is another name of hGH?

A

somatotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or False: hGH affects nearly all cells of the body?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does hGH stimulate growth?

A
  • increasing mitosis
  • increasing rate of protein synthesis
  • increasing use of FA for energy use, thus decreasing the use of Glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 2nd messenger enzyme is used with ACTH?

A

cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does ACTH release?

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release Cortisol, a stress hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 2nd messenger enzyme is used with TSH?

A

cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the primary function of Prolactin?

A

milk production, though unless a woman in pregnant the hypothalamus mainly works to inhibit this particular peptide hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary?

A

“Neurohypophysis”

22
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

1) Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH

2) Oxytocin

23
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

24
Q

What are the main functions of ADH?

A

ADH causes the collecting ducts of the nephron to become more permeable to water. This causes the water to be reabsorbed by the body (increased blood volume and blood pressure), making the urine much more concentrated.

25
Q

What are the main functions of Oxytocin?

A

1) uterine contractions

2) milk ejection

26
Q

What is the synthetic form of Oxytocin?

A

Pitocin

27
Q

How are coffee and beer related to ADH?

A

they are ADH blockers, so they stimulate urination

28
Q

What are the divisions of the adrenal glands and where are they located?

A

the adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys (adrenal = “adjacent”)

  • outer cortex
  • inner medulla
29
Q

What are the 2 types of steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex:

A

1) glucocorticoids

2) mineral corticoids

30
Q

What is the name and functions of the glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

  • the “stress hormone”
  • increased blood glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver
  • liberates fatty acids from adipose tissue
  • possible anti-inflammatory properties
31
Q

What is the name and functions of the mineral corticoid?

A

Aldosterone

  • acts in the DCT and collecting duct of the nephron
  • increases NaCl absorption (w/corresponding H20)
  • this increased blood volume and blood pressure without altering the blood osmolarity
32
Q

What are the catecholamines and where are they manufactured?

A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

  • from the adrenal medulla
  • are also “stress hormones”
33
Q

What hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

T3, T4 and Calcitonin

-all are regulated by TSH-

34
Q

What are the general effects of the thyroid hormones?

A

to increase the basal metabolic rate (ie the amount of energy expended at rest in 1 day; commonly measured as the rate of oxygen consumption)

35
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin?

A

regulates blood calcium levels

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

A

insufficient production of T3 / T4

-lack of energy, low resp rate, low HR, weight gain

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A

overproduction of T3 / T4

-anxiousness, high resp rate, high HR, weight loss

38
Q

What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone, PTH?

A

to INCREASE blood calcium

-secretion is regulated by calcium plasma concentration

39
Q

True or False: The parathyroid glands grow or shrink according to PTH secretion?

A

True

40
Q

What is the primary stimulus for the release of ADH?

A

high plasma osmolarity

41
Q

What is the primary stimulus for the release of Aldosterone?

A

low blood volume

42
Q

A person eats a bag of potato chips and now has a high concentration of Na in their bloodstream. What will be the primary hormonal response?

A

ADH will be high to absorb free water and lower the plasma osmolarity

43
Q

A person enters a water drinking contest where they drink 2 gallons of water over 2 hours. Now, she has a low concentration of Na in the bloodstream. What will be the primary hormonal response?

A

ADH will be low, to promote the excretion of water in the urine

44
Q

A person has studied hard for 4 hours without anything to drink. His blood volume is now low. What will be the primary hormonal response?

A

Aldosterone would initially be high, to promote the increase of blood volume without affecting the plasma osmolarity.

45
Q

A person has been in the desert for 2 days and ran out of water 10 hours ago. He now feels like he may pass out. What will be the primary hormonal response?

A

Because blood volume will be low, Aldosterone levels will increase. Since the body is desperate not to lose any fluids, ADH levels will also be high. In emergency situations the body will sacrifice blood sodium levels in favor of maintaining adequate blood volume.

46
Q

What do alpha cells secreate?

A

Glucagon, which RAISES blood glucose

47
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin, which LOWERS blood glucose

48
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin, which inhibits BOTH insulin and glucagon

49
Q

What is the primary function of somatostatin?

A

to extend the period of time that nutrients are absorbed

50
Q

What are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

EXOCRINE: secrete digestive enzymes through ducts

ENDOCRINE: secrete hormones into the bloodstream

51
Q

True or False: Vasopressin, a hormone involved in water balance is produced in the posterior pituitary?

A

False - Vasopressin, or ADH, is one of the hormones that is secreted by the posterior pituitary. However, because the posterior pituitary is composed mainly of support tissue for nerve endings, extending from the hypothalamus, the hormones are actually synthesized in the neural cell bodies of the hypothalamus and are transported down axons to the pituitary gland.

Endocrine System (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions