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Biology Endocrine System > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of endocrine glands

A

sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, and digestive

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2
Q

Hormone Regulation w receptors

A

reduction or increase of receptor type in the presence of high or low concentration of hormones

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3
Q

Types of Hormones

A

peptide, steroid, tyrosine derivatives

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4
Q

Effector

A

target cell of the hormone

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5
Q

Peptide hormone mechanism

A

peptide hormones are water soluble and bind to a receptor on the cell membrane. This activates and enzyme which makes a secondary messenger system

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6
Q

Peptide hormone creation

A

made in ERE where preprohormone is cleaved into a prehormone. It is cleaved again in the golgi and processed. It is packed into a secretory vesicle and secreted.

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7
Q

What are the peptide hormones?

A

anterior pituitary: FSH, LH, ACTH, HGH, TSH (thyroid stimulating), prolactin
posterior pituitary: ADH (antidiuretic) and oxytocin
Parathyroid hormone: PTH
Pancreatic hormone: insulin, glucagon
thyroid C cell: calcitonin

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8
Q

Steroid hormone creation

A

done in SER and mitochondria

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9
Q

Steroid Hormone mechanism

A

they are lipids and requires a protein transport molecule to dissolve in blood stream. They diffuse through cell membrane and attach to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus. Causes change in gene expression

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10
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A

adrenal cortex: aldosterone and cortisol

gonad hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

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11
Q

What are the tyrosine derivative hormones?

A

T3 (triiodothyroxine) T4 thyroxine

catecholamines (from adrenal medulla): epinephrine and norepinephrine

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12
Q

Tyrosine derivative creation

A

in cytosol or RER

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13
Q

Thyroid Mechanism

A

lipid soluble and carried in blood via plasma protien carriers. Bind to receptors in nucleus. Increases gene transcription

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14
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

water soluble and dissolve in blood. bind to receptors on target cells and act through cAMP

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15
Q

Calcitonin is a hormone that decreases blood calcium levels. If blood calcium is low would the person have high or low levels of calcitonin

A

Low

the body decreased output to respond to low calcium state

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16
Q

Timing of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic hormones

A

Hydrophilic are fast and fleeting. Quickly regulated

Hydrophobic are slow ad sustained. Slowly regulated

17
Q

Posterior Pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

18
Q

Oxytocin

A

promoted uterine contractions and milk ejection when stimulated

19
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts = reabsorption of water from collecting tubules

20
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

FSH, LH, HGH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin

21
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

causes thyroid to release triiodothyroxine and thyroxine to increase thyroid cell size, number and rate of T3 and T4 release
negative feedback loop based on T3 and T4 concentration

22
Q

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

stress response

23
Q

Human growth hormone

A

increases rate of mitosis, cell size, rate of protein synthesis, mobilizes fat stores, increases use of FA for E and reduces use of glucose and breakdown of AAs and proteins

24
Q

Prolactin

A

milk production; inhibited by progesterone and estrogen

25
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

increases calcium levels by increasing osterocyte absorption of Ca and increase of osteroclasts which break down Calcified bone. It increases Ca absorption in the kidneys and gut

26
Q

Thyroid

A

T3 T4 and Calcitonin

27
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

increase basal metabolic rate

regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone

28
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases calcium in blood by decreasing osteoclast activity and number

29
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

separated into adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

30
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids AKA cortisol and aldosterone

31
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

increase [glucose] and affect fat and protien metabolism

cortisol

32
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

affect electrolyte balance

aldosterone

33
Q

Aldosterone

A

acts in distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to increase Na+ and Cl- reabsorption and K+ and H+ secretion through aquaporins
increases blood pressure

34
Q

cortisol

A

increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis
uses FAs for E and decreases glucose use in cell
increases protien degradation

35
Q

Adenal medulla

A

catecholemines - norepinephrine and epinephrine

36
Q

epinephrine + norep

A

increase constriction of blood vessels to increase blood and oxygen flow to muscles

37
Q

Pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

38
Q

insulin

A

released in pancreas Beta cells
decreases glucose levels be stimulation uptake into cells, increasing storage of fats and CHs and making AAs into protiens
cells become highly permeable to glucose after binding

39
Q

Glucagon

A

released in pancreas alpha cells
increases glucose levels by stimulation glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis
breaks down adipose tissue

Biology Endocrine System (1 decks)

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