endocrine system Flashcards
what are the two non-tropic hormones in the pituitary gland (anterior lobe)?
human growth hormone
- stimulates growth by increasing amino acids (protein) in the body
- increases the metabolism of fats
- promotes growth of muscles and bones
prolactan
-stimulates production of milk
hyersecretion
too much human growth hormone is released causing giant-ism during childhood and acromegly in adulthood
hypo-secretion
not enough human growth hormone is released causing dwarfism
what are the tropic hormones in the pituitary gland (anterior lobe)?
1-adrenalcorticotropic hormone
-stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol and aldosterone
2-thyroid stimulating hormone
-stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin (affects the rate of the metabolism, energy and growth)
3-melanocytestimulating hormone
-stimulates melanin production
4-follicle stimulating hormone
-stimulates maturation of the sex cells
-female: ovum(egg)
-male: spermatozoon (sperm)
5-luteninizing hormone
-stimulates the monthly release of the egg in the ovaries
-production of progesterone
6-interstitial cell stimulating hormone
-stimulates sperm production and release of testosterone
what hormones are in the pituitary gland (posterior lobe)?
1-oxytocin hormone
-causes uterine contractions during birth
-returns the uterus to normal size
-causes contractions of the mammary gland muscles
2-antidiuretic hormone
-decreases secretion of of water by the kidneys
-increases contraction of the blood vessels (raise in blood pressure)
-alcohol and caffeine reduces ADH
-nicotine and stress increases ADH
types of glands
excorine-secrete products through ducts
endocrine-secretes products through blood stream
where are the hormones in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produced?
hypothalamus
what is the thyroid gland responsible for?
controlling chemical process or the metabolism of the body. Also controls the growth of long bones in the body
what hormones are released from the thyroid gland?
1- thyroxin:
- controls the rate of body metabolism (rate of cellular respiration and resulting heat production.
-helps develop bones, teeth muscle tone, body temp and mental development.
2- calcitonin:
-lowers level of calcium in the blood (removes excess calcium and puts it in the bones)
hypothyroidism
develops goitre (deficient in iodine)
-non functional thyroxin produced and it accumulates and swells
cretinism
-lack of thyroxin in childhood
myxedma
-lack of thyroxin in adulthood (low blood pressure, slow metabolic rate, low body temp, weight gain, loss of hair
hyperthyroidism
overproduction of thyroxin
high body temp, high blood pressure, loss of weight, irritability muscular weakness and protruding eyes (exopthalmos
function of the parathyroid gland?
regulates calcium phosphate balance between blood an other tissues (raises calcium in the blood stream)
what is it called when the hypothalamus produces substances?
releasing factors
where is the pituitary gland located?
brain
where is the thyroid gland located?
throat (underneath larynx )
what hormones are secreted by the pancreas?
1-insulin
-stimulates the muscles and liver to convert more glucose into glycogen for storage
2-glucagon
-stimulates glycogen into glucose (increases blood glucose)
hyperinsulinism
excessive amounts of insulin -leads to hypoglycemia (low glucose levels in the blood) symptoms -blurred vision -extreme cases coma or death
hypoinsulinism
low levels of insulin in the blood -leads to hyperglycemia (high glucose levels in the blood) symptoms -weight loss -excessive urine output -extreme cases coma or death
what cells make up the two hormones in the pancreas?
islets of langerhans
feedback loop for insulin?
eat meal—–>increase in blood glucose levels—->pancreas releases insulin—->makes cells more permeable to glucose (converts excess glucose to glycogen—–> decreasing blood glucose levels
feedback loop for glucagon?
vigorous activity (loses energy)—-> decrease in blood glucose levels—-> pancreas releases glucagon—->converts glycogen into glucose —–>increasing blood glucose levels
what hormones comes from the adrenal cortex?
cortisol (Glycocorticoids)
-promotes the synthesis of glucose from proteins and fats called gluconeogenesis
Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids)
-regulates the level of sodium and some of potassium
what hormones comes from the adrenal medulla?
Adrenalin
- secreted when in physiological attributes associated with stressful situations
symptoms
-increase heart rate
- stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose
-increase blood pressure
addisons disease (hyposecretion)
lack of cortisol, unable to maintain the glucose level of the blood between eating meals
