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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four homeoestatic parameters?

A
  1. Blood pressure
  2. Water levels
  3. Temperature
  4. pH
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2
Q

What are the three basic classes of hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid hormones: some are water soluble
  2. Peptide hormones: all are water soluble
  3. Lipid hormones: none are water soluble
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3
Q

How is the effect lipid soluble hormones different than water soluble hormones

A

Lipid soluble hormones last longer and have a more perminant effect because they affect gene transcription

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4
Q

Phosphate chemical forumla

A

PO43-

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5
Q

Which hormones are secreted directly from the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
  2. Oxytocin
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6
Q

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

A

Trigger: Rise in electrolyte concentration or a fall in blood pressure

Released by: Neurosecretory neurons in the posterior pituitary

Effects:

  1. Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water
  2. Peripheral vasoconstriction
  3. Increased thirst

* suppressed by alcohol

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7
Q

Oxytocin

A

Trigger: Childbirth, sex, breastfeeding

Released by: Neurosecretory neurons in the posterior pituitary

Effects: Smooth muscle contraction, increased bonding, letdown reflex

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8
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Blood enters the hypothalamus at the median eminence.

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9
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the Pars Intermedia of the Pituitary gland?

A

MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone)

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH

A

Trigger: Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Released by: Anterior pituitary

Target: Adrenal Cortex

Effects: Secretion of glucocorticoids

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12
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone

(TRH)

A

Trigger: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Released by: Anterior pituitary

Target: Thyroid gland

Effects: Secretion of Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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13
Q

Growth Hormone

(GH)

A

Trigger: Growth hormone releasing hormone

Released by: Anterior pituitary

Target: Skeletal muscle, cartilage, bone, etc

Effects: Stimulation of growth

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14
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

(FSH)

A

Trigger: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Released by: Anterior pituitary

Target: Gonads

Effects: Stimulation of follicle production (F) or spermatogenesis (M)

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15
Q

Lutenizing Hormone

(LH)

A

Trigger: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Released by: Anterior pituitary

Target: Gonads

Effects: Stimulation of corpus luteum production (F) or testosterone production (M)

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16
Q

Prolactin

A

Trigger: Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

Released by: Anterior pituitary

Target: Mamary glands

Effects: Milk production

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17
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

(MSH)

A

Trigger: Unknown

Released by: Anterior pituitary (pars intermedia)

Target: Melanocytes

Effects: Production of melanin

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18
Q

Colloid

A

proteins suspended in liquid

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19
Q

What substance is found in the middle of thyroid follicles?

A

Colloid containing thyroglobulin

Where thyroid hormone is created and stored

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20
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

Trigger: TRH (Thyroid Releasing Hormone)

Released by: Thyroid Follicular cells

Target: Many

Effects:

  • Increases ATP production by binding to mitochondrial receptors
  • Activate synthesys of enzymes involved in energy utlilzation
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21
Q

Calcitonin

A

Trigger: High blood Ca2+ levels

Released by: Thyroid C-cells

Target: Bones and kidneys

Effects: Lower blood Ca2+ by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating Ca2+ excretion by the kidneys

22
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Trigger: Low blood Ca2+ levels

Released by: Parathyroid glands

Target: Bones and kidneys

Effects: Increases blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclasts, inhibiting osteoblasts, increases reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys

23
Q

Which hormones affect blood calcium levels?

A
  1. Calcitriol absorb Ca2+ along digestive tract
  2. Growth Hormone Stimulate osteoblasts
  3. Thyroxine Stimulate osteoblasts (with GH)
  4. Sex Hormones Stimulate osteoblasts
  5. Parathyroid Hormones Stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts, kidneys
  6. Calcitonin Stimulates osteoblasts, inhibit osteoclasts, kidneys
24
Q

Which enzyme oxadizes Iodine ions for the creation of thyroid hormone?

A

Thyroid Peroxidase

25
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes iodine to attach to the tyrosine on the thyroglobulin molecules?

A

Thyroid Perioxidase

26
Q

Which molecule binds T3 and T4 upon entry to the bloodstream?

A

Thyroid binding gobulins

27
Q

Thyroid binding globulins

(TBGs)

A

Made in the liver

Bind T3 and T4 thyroid hormone to make it more water soluble for transport through the blood stream.

28
Q

What is the functional difference between T3 and T4 thyroid hormones?

A

More T4 is secreted.

T3 is more active.

Many tissues will convert T4 to T3 by removing an Iodine atom.

29
Q

Where are thyroid hormone receptors located in the cell?

A

In the nucleus.

(Thyroid hormone crosses the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins.)

30
Q

Which category of hormone does thyroid hormone fall into?

A

amine hormones

31
Q

Which molicule stores thyroid hormone, and where is it stored?

A

Thyroglobulin stores thyroid hormone in the colloid-filled lumins of thyroid follicles

32
Q

Thyroid hormone structure

33
Q

What are the five layers of the adrenal gland?

A
  1. Capsule - connective tissue outer layer
  2. Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)
  3. Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids)
  4. Zona reticularis (gonadocorticoids)
  5. Adrenal medula (epinephrine / norepinephrine)
34
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Layer of the adrenal cortex that releases mineralocorticoids

35
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Layer of the adrenal cortex that releases glucocorticoids

36
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Layer of the adrenal cortex that releases gonadocorticoids

37
Q

Adrenal medula

A

Most interior part of the adrenal gland

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Trigger: Drop in blood Na+ or drop in blood pressure

Released by: The Zona Glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex

Target: Kidneys, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas

Effects: Stimulates conservation of Na+ and elimenation of K+

* Also increases sensitivity of salt receptors in the tongue

39
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Trigger: Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Released by: The Zona Fasciculata in the adrenal cortex

Target: Many cells

Effects: Increased glucose synthesis and glycogen formation, release fatty acid into blood, antiinflamitory

40
Q

Which hormones are glucocorticoids?

A

Cortisol and Corticosterone

41
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Trigger: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Released by: The Zona Reticularis of the adrenal cortex

Target: Many cells

Effects: Secondary sex characteristic development, sex drive

* Mostly weak androgens, which are converted at their target cells, some estrogen

42
Q

Epinephrine / Norepinephrine

A

Trigger: Sympathetic nervous sytem activation

Released by: The Adrenal Medula

Target: Many cells

Effects: Raise blood pressure & heartrate, peripheral vasoconstriction, dialate airways, limit digestion, etc

43
Q

Melatonin

A

Trigger: Light through optic nerve

Released by: Pineal gland

Target: The brain

Effects: Sleepiness

44
Q

Which parts of the pancreas produce hormones?

A

The pancreatic islets

45
Q

Pancreatic α cells

A

Produce Glucagon

46
Q

Pancreatic β cells

A

Produce Insulin

47
Q

Glucagon

A

Trigger: Low blood sugar

Released by: α cells in pancreas

Target: The liver

Effects: Break down glycogen to glucose, glucose synthesis, release of glucose by the liver

48
Q

Insulin

A

Trigger: High blood sugar

Released by: β cells in pancreas

Target: Skeletal muscle cells (among others)

Effects: Enhances membrane transport of glucose, inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, inhibits glucose synthesis

49
Q

Which hormone do the kidneys secrete?

A

Erythropoietin

50
Q

Erythropoitein

A

Trigger: Low oxygen levels in the kidney

Released by: Kidneys

Target: Bone marrow

Effects: Creation of more red blood cells

51
Q

Leptin

A

Released by: Adipose cells

Target: Central Nervious System

Effects: Stimulate increased energy expenderature, saity, permissive effect on puberty, mensturation?

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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