Endocrine System Flashcards
Notecard example :
Name From where / to where Function Hyper/ hypo Patho, Diseased, Conditions, Imbalances Cause/ risk factors Signs/ symptoms Treatment (infections) Nursing care 5W’s
Endocrine system
Chemical messengers- to other cells in the body
Hypo/ hyper secretion - pathological conditions
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary (anterior & posterior)
- Pineal
- thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Pancreas
- Adrenal (cortex & medulla)
- ovaries
- Testes
- Thymus
- Gastrointestinal Mucosa
Hypothalamus
Link between endocrine and nervous system
Controls pituitary gland
Controls adrenal medulla (epin. & nore)
- GHRH—- anterior pituitary —-GH
TRH — anterior pituitary —-TSH
Anterior Pituitary Gland/ Lobe
“Master Gland”
Hormones: 6
- GH
- TSH
- FSH
- LH
- Prolactin
- MSH
Diseased, Conditions, Imbalances:
- Panhypopituitarism: premature aging, hair loss, cachexia.
- Simmonds disease (pit. Atrophies)
Causes thyroid, adrenal, gonads, to loose function
GH
Growth hormone
Hypothalamus —ant.pituitary lobe—bones, cartilage, connective tissue.
Hormones causes cells to:
Undergo mitoses, mobilize fat (lipolysis), decrease use of glucose
Hypo-secretion: gigantism (before puberty, acromegaly (after puberty)
Hyper-secretion: pituitary Dwarfism
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Hypothalamus —anterior pituitary lobe —thyroid
Hormones causes cells to:
Growth of thyroid gland, release TH/ T3 & T4
Hypersecretion: Graves (autoimmune) disease
Immunoglobulin imitates normal TSH to hypersecrete TH.
LH
Lutenizing Hormone
Anterior pituitary gland— testosterone — testes
Diseased, Conditions, Imbalances
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Anterior pituitary gland —. (estrogen & progesterone)—ovaries
Prolactin
anterior pituitary gland — mammary gland — epithelial cells
Hormones causes cells to: epithelial cells in mammary gland, breast milk synthesis
Posterior Pituitary Gland/ lobe
“Master gland”
- 2.
PDIC: Panpituitarism / Simmonds
Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary lobe — uterus & breast
Hormones causes cells in smooth muscle of
uterus to contract during labor, stimulates milk release
Synthetic oxytocin — IV—induce labor
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin VP)
Posterior pituitary lobe —Kinney tubules
Hormones causes cells to: stimulate reabsorption of H2O back in the blood by renal tubules during urine formation that increase blood levels and pressure
PDIC: Diabetes Insipidus
Pineal Gland
- Melatonin
2. Seratonin
Melatonin
Pineal —melatonin
Hormones causes cells to: regulate gonadotropin influences body’s internal clock released at night
Serotonin
Pineal— serotonin
Hormones causes cells to:
Vasoconstrict smooth muscle: acts to inhibit gastric secretion
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus— thyroid— hormones
- Thyroxine T4
- Triiodothyronine T3
- Calcitonin
Thyroxine T4
Thyroid —T4 —metabolism
Regulates metabolism (BasicMR), physical and mental growth and development, metabolizes F, P, C, H2O, V, M
PDIC: anorexia, goiter, exopthalmia
Hypothyroidism: cretinism (infant), myxedema (adult: adult mucus swollen face), hashimoto disease.
Gain weight, lethargic, low heart rate
Hyperthyroidism: thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease, endemic goiter(iodine) basedow disease, anorexia, anxiety, increases HR
Triiodothyronine T3
Thyroid—T3
Influences BMR and is more active than T4
Calcitonin
Thyroid —calcitonin—bones
Influences bone and Ca2+ metabolism and helps maintain plasma Ca2+ homeostasis, (thyrocalcitonin)
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
Hormones causes cells to: regulate calcium levels in the blood stream by targeting kidney tubules to activate Vit D, and reabsorb Ca2+ from urine process,
Intestinal cell walls release osteoclasts
Metabolism of phosphorus
PDIC: Hypocalcemia:
Hypo parathyroidism: tetany (muscle spam)
Hyperparathyroidism: osteoporosis, kidney stones, hypercalcemia
Glucagon
Pancreas —glucagon (islets of lagerhans )
Hormones causes cells to: facilitate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose inn liver cells
Alpha respond to decreased blood glucose to increase blood sugar.
Pancreas
- Glucose
- Insulin
- Somatostatin
Endocrine function: regulate glucose in the blood
Exocrine function: release digestive enzymes
Type 1: DM
Alpha: secrete glucagon
Beta: secrete insulin
Delta: secrete somatostatin (suppresses release of glucagon and insulin)
Insulin
Pancreas— insulin—
Insulin maintains normal blood sugar by allowing entry of glucose into cells
Beta cells respond to increase blood glucose
Hormones causes cells to: uptake glucose for use and fat formation to lower blood glucose (link glucose into glycogen )
Hypoinsulinism: Type 1: DM , hyperglycemia,
Hypoglycemia (perketoacidosis: coma, PO-insulin shock-coma, convulsions, death)
Hyper insulinism:
Pancreas disorders
K
Somatostatin
Pancreas—somatostatin
It is secreted to suppress the released of glucagon and insulin
Adrenal Glands: Cortex
Glucocorticoids
- Cortisol
- Corticosterone
Adrenal Gland: cortex
Cortisol
Adrenal gland— cortex—glucocorticoid— cortisol
Cortisol:
Regulate carbs, proteins, fats metabolism needed for glucose.
Increase blood sugar level
Anti-inflammatory effect
Helps body cope with stress
(Body wide immunity)
Hypo: Addison’s disease
Hyper: Cushings disease
Adrenal gland—cortex
Corticosterone
Adrenal gland— cortex—glucocorticoid— corticosterone
Influences sodium and potassium metabolism
Adrenal gland—cortex—mineralcorticoid— aldosterone
Aldosterone
Regulate electrolyte and H2O balance by promoting Na and Cl - reabsoprtion and K+ excretion
Hyposecretion: reduced plasma volume,
Hypersecretion primary aldosteronism :
Decrease K+, increase Na+
Increase blood volume and pressure
RAA pathway
Adrenal glands— cortex —mineralcorticoid— testosterone/ androgen
Influences development of male secondary sex organs
PDIC: virilism, hirutism
Adrenal glands — medulla— dopamine
Sympathetic NS
(Given to Parkinson’s disease patients)
Dilated systemic arteries elevates systolic blood pressure, increase cardiac output, increase urinary output
Adrenal glands—medulla—epinephrine/ norepinephrine
Regulate sympathetic autonomic NS
Vasoconstrictor, vasopressor,
Epinephrine: cardiac stimulants, antispasmodic, sympathomimetic
Norepinephrine: VC VP neurotransmitter
Increase systolic diastolic blood pressure
Increase HR CO, increase glycogenesis
Ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
Ovaries—estrogen / progesterone
Estradiol, estrone, estriol
Essential for growth and development and maintenance of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics
Mammary glands
Sex drive
Progesterone: prepares the uterus for pregnancy
Testes—testosterone
Growth and development of sex organs
Thymus gland
Thymus—Thymopoietin—thymosin
Promotes the maturation process of T lymphocyte (WBCs) —cell mediated immunity
Gastrointestinal Mucosa
- Gastrin: stimulates gastric acid secretion, (affects gallbladder, SI, pancreas)
- Secretin: pancreatic juice, bile intestinal secretion
- Cholecystokinin: contraction / empty of gall bladder and secretion of pancreatic enzymes
- Enterogastrone: regulate gastric secretion
