endocrine system

Question 1

Endocrine System

Answer 1

• Organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
• Controls the function of other target organs
• Long distance communication

Question 2

Primary Endocrine Organs

Answer 2

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary
3. Pineal
4. Thyroid and Parathyroid
5. Thymus
6. Adrenal Gland
7. Pancreas
8. Testes and Ovaries

Question 3

Hypothalamus Structure

Answer 3

Structure: neural secretory cells and nuclei that connect to the pituitary gland

Question 4

Hypothalamus function

Answer 4

controls release of pituitary hormones

Question 5

neural secretory cells

Answer 5

neurons that secrete hormones at axon terminal

Question 6

hypothalamus secretes

Answer 6

releasing and inhibiting tropic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland

Question 7

tropic hormones

Answer 7

secreted from one gland, causes another gland to secrete

Question 8

hypothalamus connections

Answer 8

posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

Structure: neural secretory cells and nuclei that connect to the pituitary gland
neural secretory cells: neurons that secrete hormones at axon terminal
function: controls release of pituitary hormones
secretes: releasing and inhibiting tropic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland
tropic hormones: secreted from one gland, causes another gland to secrete

Question 10

hypothalamus - posterior pituitary connection

Answer 10

1. neurons in hypothalamus synthesizes and secretes hormones
   - supraoptic nucleus: oxytocin
   - paraventricular nucleus: antidiuretic hormone
2. hormones stored in terminal vesicles in posterior pituitary
3. when stimulated, vesicles release hormones in capillary beds of posterior pituitary

Question 11

hypothalamus - anterior pituitary connection

Answer 11

• portal system-
  1. stimulated neurosecretory cells release hormones in 1st capillary bed
  2. 1st capillary bed - portal vein - 2nd capillary bed
  3. hormones exit capillaries - stimulate AP endocrine cells
  4. AP endocrine cells secrete hormones in capillaries

Question 12

pituitary gland

Answer 12

posterior

anterior

Question 13

posterior pituitary gland structure

Answer 13

neural tissue (axon terminals) from hypothalamus

Question 14

posterior pituitary gland secretes

Answer 14

1. Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin
   targets: kidneys
   results: increase water reabsorption
2. Oxytocin
   targets: uterus and breasts
   results: uterine contraction and milk expulsion

Question 15

anterior pituitary gland structure

Answer 15

epithelial tissue

Question 16

anterior pituitary gland secretes

Answer 16

1. prolactin
2. thyroid stimulating hormone
3. adrenocorticotropic hormone
4. growth hormone
5. luteinizing hormone
6. follicle stimulating hormone

Question 17

prolactin

Answer 17

prolactin- controlled by hypothalamus
prolactin releasing hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
acts on breasts
results: milk secretion and mammary gland development

Question 18

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 18

TSH-controlled by hypothalamus
thyrotropin releasing hormone causes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone
acts on thyroid gland
results: release thyroid hormones – metabolism

Question 19

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 19

ACTH-controlled by hypothalamus
corticotropin releasing hormone
acts on adrenal gland
results: glucocorticoids–stress response

Question 20

growth hormone

Answer 20

GH- controlled by hypothalamus
growth hormone releasing hormone
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
acts on liver and cells
results: releases insulin like growth factors (liver)
signals growth and metabolism (cells)

Question 21

another name for growth hormone inhibiting hormone GHIH

Answer 21

somatostatin

Question 22

another name for antidiuretic hormone ADH

Answer 22

vasopressin

Question 23

luteinizing hormone

Answer 23

LH-controlled by hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone
acts on ovaries and testes
results: ovulation, secretion of sex hormones

Question 24

follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 24

FH - controlled by hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone
acts on ovaries and testes
results: development of egg and sperm

Question 25

pineal gland

Answer 25

structure: epithelial tissue in brain secretes: melatonin results: regulate circadian rhythms

Question 26

thyroid

Answer 26

structure: butterfly structure, ventral surface of trachea secretes: tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine T3) - increase metabolism calcitonin - lowers calcium levels, deposition in bone

Question 27

parathyroid

Answer 27

structure: 4 small glands behind thyroid secretes: parathyroid hormone results: increase calcium levels

Question 28

thymus

Answer 28

structure: two lobed gland in front of heart secretes: thymosin result: T Cell functional regulation

Question 29

adrenal gland

Answer 29

structure: multilayered glands above the kidneys (suprarenal) cortex medulla

Question 30

cortex- what does cortex mean? what does it secrete? what are the results?

Answer 30

``` outer layer secretes: mineral corticoids (aldosterone) glucocorticoids (cortisol) androgens results: -stimulate Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion in kidneys -catabolism of fats and proteins, raises blood glucose, stress response -promotes sex drive ```

Question 31

medulla- the meaning? what does it secrete? results?

Answer 31

inner core secretes: epinephrine and norepinephrine results: increased heart rate, mobilization of energy sources

Question 32

pancreas structure

Answer 32

structure: exocrine and endocrine glands below stomach exocrine cells-acinar cells endocrine cells-islets of langerhans

Question 33

exocrine cells function

Answer 33

secrete enzymes to GI tract

Question 34

endocrine cells

Answer 34

alpha cells beta cells delta cells F cells

Question 35

-alpha cells- secretes? results?

Answer 35

alpha cells secrete: glucagon results: raises blood glucose - - glycogenolysis - - gluconeogenesis

Question 36

-beta cells- secretes? results?

Answer 36

beta cells secrete: insulin results: lowers blood glucose/ promotes energy storage

Question 37

-delta cells- secretes? results?

Answer 37

delta cells secrete: somatostatin results: inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormone

Question 38

-F Cells- secrete? results?

Answer 38

F cells secrete: pancreatic polypeptide results: inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions

Question 39

Testes | secrete, results

Answer 39

testes: males secrete: androgens result: sperm production, sex drive, secondary sex characteristics

Question 40

Ovaries | secrete, results

Answer 40

ovaries: female secrete: estrogens result: follicular development, secondary sex characteristics