Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems Biology Exam 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Major Endocrine Glands in the Human Body

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Adrenal Gland

Thyroid

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormone

A

A hormone is a chemical substance that can be classified as an amine, peptide, or steroid. Hormones are secreted into the circulation in small amounts and are delivered to target tissues where they produce a physiologial response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Positive Feedback System

A

“A stimulates B to simulate A”

  • Childbirth
    • Contractions stimulate oxytocin release from the hypothalamus, and the contractions trimulate more oxytocin release
    • Birth stops the loop
  • Lactation
  • Ovulation
    • LH stimulates estradiol in the developinf folicle, and estradiol stimulates mor LH
    • Rlease of oocyte stops the loop
  • Clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

A negative stimulant turns off the pituitary

Short Loop: The anterior pituitary provides feedback that shuts off the hypthalamus

Long Loop: Periphrial gland provides feedback that turns off the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypothalamo-Pituitary System

A
  • The hypothalamus direcly inervates the posterior pituitaryto releas hormones into the hypophsyeal vein
  • The hypothalamus secretes releasing factors into the hypophsyeal artery whenre they are delivered to the anterior pituitary and then hormones enter the hypophsyeal vein
  • Hormones are released only when vascular system is established
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypothalamus Functions

A

The hypothalamus regulates the following:

  • Sleep
  • Feeding Behavior
  • Thirst
  • Reproduction
  • Circadian Rythms - hormones often have diurnal cycles
  • Mood, emotion, and stress
  • Body temperature
  • Blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell Types in the Pituitary

A

Acidophils - BROWN: somatotrophs and lactotrophs

Basophils - PURPLE: corticoids, gonadotropjs, and thyrotrophs

Chromophobes - CLEAR: paracrine actions to maintain cell health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Somatotrophs

A

Growth Hormone - GH

Acidophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lactotrophs

A

Prolactin - lactation

Acidophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Corticotrophs

A

ACTH - stress

Basophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gonadotrophs

A

LH and FSH - Reproduction

Basophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thyrotrophs

A

Thyrodi Stimulating Hormone - TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromophobes

A

Paracrine Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalmic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

  • Involved in the stress response
  • The hypothalamus produces CRH and releases it into the hypophyseal artery where it travels to the anterior pituitary to stimulate production of ACTH
  • ACTH then is secreted into the hypohyseal vein and travels to the adrenal cotex where it produces cortisol
  • regulated by negative feedback
  • cross talks with both the immune system and reproductive system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the body respond to stress?

A

Epinepherine

Epinepherine is released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medula and produces rapid effects in response to precived danger

Results in: arousal, increased metabolic rate, inccreased heart rate

Cortisol

Cortisol is released from the zona fascicilata from the adrenal cortex in response to chronic stress. It is bound to chaperone proteins in the blood and must dissociate in order to become active

Results in: Decreased inflamation, supressed Ab production, gluconeiogenisis and lypolosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HPT Axis

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis

  • Involved in energy and metabolism
  • The Hypothalamus produces TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) which is released into the anterior pituitary where is stimulates the production of TSH
  • TSH traves to the thyroid and prodduces T3 and T4
  • T3 acts as a transcription factor that stimulates the trascription of new proteins that play a role in growth, CNS, BMR, metabolism, and cardiac output
17
Q

Endocrine Components of Diabetes

A

Regulation of blood glucose occurs in the endocrine pancreas

Type 1: Pancreas doesnt work because of autoimmune problems

Type 2: impaired beta cell function and insulin resistance “starvation in the midst of plenty”

18
Q

Paracrine

A

Hormones secreted into the interstitial space act at nearby cells

19
Q

Autocrine

A

Hormones secreted into the interstitial space act back on the same cell

20
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormones secreted into the blood act on downstream target tissues

21
Q

What are the main chemical categories of endocrine hormones?

A

Amines

Peptides and Proteins

Steroids

22
Q

Amino Acid Hormones

A

Hormones derived from a single amino acid
Dopamine
Epinepherine
Norepinepherine

23
Q

Peptide Hormone

A

Range from 3 amino acids to large glycoproteins
GnRH
CRH
LH
FSH
TSH

24
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

DErived from cholesterol precursor

  • Estrogen
  • Testosteron
  • Progesterone
25
Q

How does T3 affect glucose, fatty acid, and protein turnover?

A
26
Q

Cell Types in Islets of Langerhans

A
  • Beta Cells - synthesize and secrete insulin
    • Can inhibit alpha cell secretion of glucagon
  • Alpha Cells - synthesize and secrete glucagon
    • Can inhibit beta cell secretion of insulin
  • Delta Cells - synthesize and secrete somatostatin
  • PP Cells -pancreatic polypeptide inhibits cels via paracrine action
27
Q

How do insulin and glucagon function?

A

Insulin

  • Energy storage
  • After a meal, insulin is released in response to high blood glucose levels and promotes glucose storage in tissues
  • Tissues: Liver, muscle, fat
  • After insulin binds to a receptor, Glut transporters open and alow transpot of glucose into the cells
    • Glut 2/3 - insulin independent (brain)
    • Glut 4 - insulin deppendent (fat and muscle)

Glucagon

  • Energy mobalization
  • Targets the liver and adipose tissue
28
Q

What is CRH and how is it regulated?

A

CRH:

Regulation:

Produced:

Target:

29
Q

Which Endocrine organ produces cortisol?

A
30
Q

What are the primary functions of cortisol?

A
31
Q

What are the similarities between HPA and the sympathetic nervoud systems response to stress

A
32
Q

Signaling Pathways of Hormones

A

GPCR

  • amines, peptides, and proteins

Nuclear Steroid Hormone

33
Q

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

A
  1. Throglobulin is transported into the folicular lument of the folicular lumen along with Iodine/Sodium
  2. TG moves to the lumen where it is iodinated (2-diiodinated (T4) or 1 diogination +1monoiodination (T3))
  3. TH4 is a prohomone and is inactive till it binds its target cell, where it is deiodinated as T3 (active)
  4. T3 is a peptide hormone that acts as a transcription factor

Systems Biology Exam 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions