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MCAT Biology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless (no passage or channel) gland whose secretory products are picked up by capillaries

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2
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Secretes products to external environment by way of ducts

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3
Q

Hormone

A

Molecule which is secreted into bloodstream by an endocrine gland, and which has its effects upon target cells with appropriate receptor
Two types:
1) Peptide (Amino-acid derivatino or polypeptide)
2) Steroid

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4
Q

Peptide hormone

A

Primary messenger which binds to cell-surface receptor due to hydrophilic nature; synthesized in rough ER
Two types:
1) Polypeptide
2) Amino-acid derivation

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5
Q

Second messenger

A

Function of proteins in cytoplasm is changed, and key feature is signal amplification changing multiple enzymes at once
e.g. cAMP

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6
Q

Steroid hormone

A

1) Hydrophobic molecules synthesized from cholesterol from smooth ER
2) Freely diffuse through membranes and binds with a receptor in cytoplasm
3) Once bound, the complex transports to the nucleus and modifies transcription, changing amount or type of protein produced (more long-lasting than other hormones)

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7
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Meta-regulators; hormones that regulate hormones

e.g. ACTH stimulates cortisol

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8
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary control axis

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

A

1) Hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary controls most of the endocrine system
2) Miniature circulatory system for transport of hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary glands

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9
Q

Hypophysis

A

Another name for pituitary gland

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10
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Another name for anterior pituitary gland. Controlled by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors (tropic hormones)

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11
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Another name for posterior pituitary gland. Composed of axons which descend from the hypothalamus.
–> These hypothalamic neurons that send axons down to the posterior pituitary are an example of neuroendocrine cells, neurons which secrete hormones into the bloodstream. A more direct way of getting hormones in bloodstream?

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12
Q

Growth hormone (GH, peptide)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Increase bone and muscle , increase cell turnover rate

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13
Q

Prolactin (peptide)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Mammary gland/milk production

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14
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, peptide, tropic)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Stimulates production of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

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15
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, peptide)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Increase cortisol level by stimulating adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH, peptide, gonadotropic)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Ovary/ovulation, testosterone synthesis

17
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, peptide, gonadotropic)

A

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Ovary/follical development, testes/spermatogenesis

18
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin, peptide)

A

Gland: Posterior pituitary

Function: Kidney/water retention

19
Q

Oxytocin (peptide)

A

Gland: Posterior pituitary

Function: Breast/milk letdown reflex in response to suckling, uterus/contraction

20
Q

Thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine, modified amino acid)

A

Gland: Thyroid

Function: Physical and mental development in children; increased metabolic rate and body temperature

21
Q

Calcitonin (peptide, thyroid C cells)

A

Gland: Thyroid

Function: Bone, kidney; lowers serum calcium levels

22
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH, peptide)

A

Gland: Parathyroid

Function: Bone, kidney, small intestine; raises serum calcium levels

23
Q

Thymosin (children only, peptide)

A

Gland: Thymus

Function: T cell development during childhood

24
Q

Epinephrine (modified amino acid)

A

Gland: Adrenal medulla

Function: Sympathetic stress response (rapid); raises blood glucose

25
Q

Cortisol (glucocorticoid, steroid)

A

Gland: Adrenal cortex

Function: Stress response; raises blood glucose; increase in protein catabolism; decrease in inflammation and immunity

26
Q

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid, steroid)

A

Gland: Adrenal cortex

Function: Kidney; increase in sodium reabsorption which leads to increase in blood pressure

27
Q

Insulin (Beta cells secrete, peptide –> absent or ineffective in diabetes mellitus)

A

Gland: Endocrine pancreas

Function: Lower blood glucose; increase glycogen and fat storage

28
Q

Glucagon (Alpha cells secrete, peptide)

A

Gland: Endocrine pancreas

Function: Increase blood glucose; decrease in glycogen and fat storage

29
Q

Somatostatin (Gamma cells secrete, peptide)

A

Gland: Endocrine pancreas

Function: Inhibits many digestive processes and other gut cells

30
Q

Testosterone (steroid)

A

Gland: Testes

Function: Male characteristics; spermatogenesis

31
Q

Estrogen (steroid)

A

Gland: Ovaries/placenta

Function: Female characteristics, endometrial growth

32
Q

Progesterone (Steroid)

A

Gland: Ovaries/placenta

Function: Endometrial secretion, pregnancy

33
Q

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF, peptide)

A

Gland: Heart

Function: Kidney; increase in urination and decrease in blood pressure

34
Q

Erythropoietin (peptide)

A

Gland: Kidney

Function: Bone marrow; Increase RBC synthesis

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