Endocrine System

Question 1

What are steroid hormones?

Answer 1

Lipid-Soluble hormones that diffuse through the lipid bi layer such as Testosterone, Estrogen, and Cortisol. Once inside they bind to the receptor protiens

Question 2

What are Water-Soluble hormones?

Answer 2

Proteins that cannot diffuse through the cell membrane such as Thyroxine and insulin. They bind to receptor proteins on the surface of target cells.

Question 3

What are Tropic Hormones?

Answer 3

Hormones that target endocrine glands to secrete other hormones.

Question 4

What is the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

A gland with 2 lobes (anterior and posterior) that secrets hormones involved in the body’s growth, development, metabolism and reproduction.

Question 5

What is found in the Posterior gland?

Answer 5

Stores and releases the hormones ADH and oxytocin.

Question 6

What is found in the Anterior Gland?

Answer 6

Produces and releases 6 major hormones; TSH,ACTH,PRL,hGH,FSH,LH

Question 7

Where is the human growth hormone produced?

Answer 7

In anterior pituitary gland.

Question 8

What are the functions of hGH?

Answer 8

Protein synthesis, cell division and growth(especially cartilage,bone and muscle), metabolic breakdown and release of fats stored in adipose(fat) tissue.

Question 9

What does hGH stimulate?

Answer 9

growth of muscles, connective tissue and bones.

Question 10

What is the result of gigantism?

Answer 10

If in childhood excess amounts of the hormone hGH from the pituitary gland.

Question 11

What is the result of dwafism?

Answer 11

If in childhood there is not enough production of hGH.

Question 12

What is acromegaly?

Answer 12

Overproduction of hGH in adulthood. Since skeletal bones are already at full growth hGH cannot affect height so bones and soft tissue in the body widen.

Question 13

Where is the hormone Thyroxine(T4) produced?

Answer 13

Thyroid gland.

Question 14

What is the function of Thyroxine?

Answer 14

Increases rate at which the body metabolizes fats, proteins and carbohydrates for energy.

Question 15

What does the hormone T4 stimulate?

Answer 15

Cells in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver and kidneys to increase cellular respiration.

Question 16

What is Hypothyroidism?

Answer 16

Low production of T4 which results in cretinism(stocky and short people). Hormone injections during childhood to prevent delays in mental development.
Adult w this experience fatigue, and weight gain because of slow metabolism

Question 17

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Answer 17

Overproduction of T4, symptoms include anxiety,insomnia, and weight loss which can be treated with medication of removal of that part of the thyroid gland.

Question 18

What is Goitre?

Answer 18

Thyroid gland requires iodine to make its hormones, if there is not enough iodine ingestion , T4 cant be made and cant signal TSH secretion to stop which causes enlargement of the thyroid.

Question 19

What is the Parathyroid gland?

Answer 19

4 small glands attached to the thyroid gland used to regulate the levels of calcium in the blood.

Question 20

Calcium levels in the blood are regulated in a negative feedback system. What two hormones regulate this?

Answer 20

Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone(PTH)

Question 21

How does calcitonin regulate calcium levels in the blood?

Answer 21

When the concentration of calcium in the blood rises too high, calcitonin stimulates the uptake of calcium into bones , which lowers its concentration in the blood.

Question 22

What happens when the concentration of calcium is too low in the blood?

Answer 22

The thyroid gland releases a parathyroid hormone (PTH) which stimulates bones to break down bones material and release calcium into the blood.

Question 23

What is the Adrenal Gland Hormones?

Answer 23

found in a pair of organs located at the top of the kidneys that regulate stress response and blood sugar levels.

Question 24

What is each adrenal gland composed of?

Answer 24

1. The adrenal medulla(inner layer)
2. The adrenal cortex (outer layer)
   Each layer produces different hormones and functions as an independent organ.

Question 25

What are Epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine?

Answer 25

Hormones that regulate short term stress. Found in the adrenal medulla. Sympathetic nervous system sends signals from the hypothalamus to the adrenal medulla to produce the two hormones which cause increasing breathing rate, rase in blood sugar . Used in fight or flight situations.

Question 26

What are glucocorticoids , mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids?

Answer 26

Long terms stress response hormones found in the adrenal cortex (outer layer)

Question 27

Examples of glucocorticoids , mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids?

Answer 27

glucocorticoids = cortisol, increase blood sugar ``` mineralocorticoids= aldosterone, increase in blood pressure gonadocorticoids= small amounts of female and male sex hormones ```

Question 28

What is cortisol?

Answer 28

A long term stress response hormone (type of glucocorticoid) released by the adrenal cortex which triggers and increase in blood glucose levels reducing inflammation.

Question 29

What stimulates a cortisol release?

Answer 29

if DANGER is sensed -> Hypothalamus secreates a releasing hormone -> which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH (hormone)-> which targets the adrenal cortex -> releases cortisol

Question 30

What does insulin do?

Answer 30

If there is a rising blood glucose level, it is detected by insulin secreting cells of the pancreas. The cells then stimulate to release insulin into the blood. Then the liver takes glucose and stores it as glycogen or most body cells take up more glucose. Blood glucose level declines to normal levels/

Question 31

What does Glucagon do?

Answer 31

If low blood sugar level is detected by glucagon releasing cells of pancreas. Cells stimulate release of glucagon into blood with a target of the liver. Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood. Blood Glucose levels rise to normal levels.

Question 32

What is Diabetes mellitus?

Answer 32

Body does not produce enough insulin or doesnt respond to properly to insulin. Glucose stays in blood after meals instead of entering cells to be used for energy, after meals blood glucose levels rise and stay high since insulin cannot lower them. The result is high blood pressure. Individuals experience fatigue, and begin using fat and protien for metabolic energy , glucose is excreted through the urine.

Question 33

Where is gonadoptropin releasing hormone (GnRH) made?

Answer 33

Hypothalamus region of the brain.

Question 34

What does GnRH stimulate?

Answer 34

Moves from the hypothalamus and triggers the anterior pituitary gland to release : 1. follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) 2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 35

What do follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone(LH) produce?

Answer 35

FSH= Sperm (sertoli) | LH=Testosterone (leydig cells)

Question 36

What does testosterone do?

Answer 36

- Stimulates Spermatogenesis - Stimulates secondary sex characteristics=Growth , facial body hair, growth of larynx(lowering voice) - Increase secretion of body oils - Increases sex drive

Question 37

In the female reproductive system what does FSH and LH target?

Answer 37

FSH- Growing follicles in the ovary | LH- Promotes ovulation and the fomation of corpus luteum.

Question 38

How long is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 38

28 days