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Human Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

It is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, despite changes to the external environment.

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2
Q

Why is it essential for cells and enzymes to stay in a constant, optimum environment?

A

So they can function at their peak.

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3
Q

What happens if there is a change from the optimum environment?

A

Enzymes and cells will not function well, the body will “malfunction” which can cause disease.

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4
Q

What maintains homeostasis?

A

Feedback systems.

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5
Q

What is a feedback system?

A

It is when the body responds to a stimulus, and the response alters the original stimulus,

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6
Q

What are the 3 things that homeostasis ensures in the fluid around cells?

A
  1. Contains optimum nutrients, ions, gases and water
  2. Stays at a constant temperature of 37 degrees
  3. Stays at an optimum pressure
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7
Q

What does a “steady state” not mean?

A

It doesn’t mean that nothing changes, things constantly change.

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8
Q

What type of feedback systems are most in the body?

A

Negative feedback systems

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9
Q

What do negative feedback systems do?

A

They respond to stimuli by reducing or minimizing the original stimulus.

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10
Q

What do positive feedback systems do?

A

They respond to stimuli by increasing or maximizing the original stimulus.

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11
Q

What are the 6 stages of the feedback system?

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Modulator
  4. Effector
  5. Response
  6. Feedback
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12
Q

What does an endocrine gland do?

A

Secretes substances into the bloodstream.

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13
Q

What does an exocrine gland do?

A

Secretes substances onto a surface, usually through a duct.

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14
Q

What is a hormone? How are they transported?

A

It is a secretion from an endocrine gland, they are transported by blood.

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15
Q

What are effected by hormones?

A

Target cells or target organs.

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16
Q

What is paracrines?

A

Chemicals secreted by all cells, which are used to communicate with other locally adjacent cells.

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17
Q

What can hormones only effect?

A

They can only effect cells with the correct receptors, making them specific.

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18
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Proteins/amines and steriods.

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19
Q

How do hormones enter cells?

A

They attached to specific receptors on the cells membrane, this causes secondary messengers within the cell to activate cellular enzymes (changing cell activity).

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20
Q

What does it mean when it says receptor proteins are specific?

A

This means each receptor will only bind with a certain molecule. This means the receptor protein can get saturated.

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21
Q

How to steroid hormones get into a cell?

A

They move into the cell and attach to internal receptors that exist on organelles.

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22
Q

What is the hormone and internal receptor called? What does it do?

A

Hormone-receptor-complex, it activates genes that control the production of proteins.

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23
Q

How do hormones change the function of cells?

A

They change the function of cells by changing the type, activities or quantities of proteins produced.

24
Q

Although hormones are not enzymes, what do they ofter do?

A

They often affect the enzyme activity.

25
Q

What are 3 things that hormones do?

A
  1. Activate genes to produce either enzymes or proteins
  2. Alter the shape of enzymes so that they no longer function
  3. Change the rate of enzyme or protein production
26
Q

What is enzyme amplification?

A

It is when one hormone molecule activated thousands of enzyme molecules, causing a cascading effect, meaning very small amounts of hormones are required.

27
Q

How can hormones be removed from the body?

A

Target cells, liver and kidneys

28
Q

What do some hormones rely one?

A

The nervous system to produce ‘releasing factors’ or ‘inhabiting factors’. These factors (usually from the hypothalamus) result in hormone production by the endocrine glands.

29
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

The base of the brain.

30
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Just under the hypothalamus, joined by a stalk called the infundibulum.

31
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland called and what do they do?

A

Anterior (adenohypophysis); connect to the hypothalamus via blood vessels. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that will travel via the blood to the anterior lobe to stimulate it to secret or inhibit the release of hormones.

Posterior (neurohypophysis); does not secrete substances but is connected to the hypothalamus by neurone. Hormones may pass from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe (through the neurone) where they are secreted.

32
Q

What are the secretions from the anterior lobe caused by?

A

Releasing and inhibiting factors secreted by the hypothalamus into the blood.

33
Q

Name 5 hormones secreted by the anterior lobe.

A
  1. Gonadotrophin (eg FSH or LH)
  2. Growth hormone (GH)
  3. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  4. Adrencorticophic (ACTH)
  5. Prolactin
34
Q

How are hormones from the posterior lobe secreted?

A

Down the infundibulum through nerve cells that originate into the hypothalamus.

35
Q

Name 2 hormones secreted by the posterior lobe.

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. Anti diuretic hormone (vasopressin)

36
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce? What is this made from?

A

It produces thyroxine, which is made from iodine and an amino acid.

37
Q

What does the thyroid gland regulate? How does it do this?

A

It regulates metabolic rate by regulating energy production from cell respiration.

38
Q

Why does the thyroid gland increase body temperature?

A

Because some energy produced is heat energy.

39
Q

What else does the thyroid produce? What does it do?

A

It produces calcitonin, it promotes storage of calcium in the bones (reducing blood calcium levels)

40
Q

Is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

A

Both!

41
Q

What does the pancreas secrete? What does each secretion do?

A
  1. Digestive enzymes; through the pancreatic duct into the small intestine.
  2. Insulin; reduced blood glucose levels, it stimulated cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen or fat
  3. Glucagon; which increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and fat from cells into glucose
42
Q

What do the testes produce? What are is it responsible for?

A

They produce androgens (testosterone). It is responsible for the development and maintenance of sex characteristics.

43
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone.

44
Q

What is secreted by the Arsenal medulla? What do they do?

A

Adrenalin and noradrenalin, they have an effect similar to the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the body for “flight or fight”.

45
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Corticosteroids.

46
Q

What are corticosteroids sub divided into?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Gonadocorticoids
47
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid? What does it do?

A

Aldosterone, it retains Na+ in the body and removes K+ from the body.

48
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid? What does it do? What are they required for? What do low doses provide? What do high doses provide?

A 
Cortisol
It causes:
1. Increase in ATP production
2. Increase in blood pressure 
3. Deceased immune response
4. Depressed inflammatory response (less swelling, pain, redness)
5. Slower healing

Required for a normal metabolism. Low doses provide a resistance to stress, high doses depress the immune system.

49
Q

What do Gonadocorticoids produce?

A

Androgens (testosterone) and some oestrogen.

50
Q

What do parathyroids produce? What does it do?

A

They produce parathormone, which increases blood calcium and phosphate levels.

51
Q

What does the thymus do as a child matures?

A

It decreases in size.

52
Q

What does the thymus secrete? What does this do?

A

It secretes thymosins, which help in the maturation of T lymphocytes.

53
Q

What do releasing factors do?

A

Stimulate release of hormones.

54
Q

What do inhibiting factors do?

A

Slow down release of hormones.

55
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems:

  1. Nature of message
  2. Transport of message
  3. Cells affected
  4. Type of response
  5. Time taken to respond
  6. Duration of response
A

1:
NS -Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters (chemical)
ES - Hormones (purely chemical)

2:
NS - Along the membrane of neurons (very defined pathway)
ES - By the bloodstream (less defined, especially when hormones diffuse out)

3:
NS - Muscles and gland cells; other neurons (more specific)
ES - All body cells (less specific, many cells are targeted)

4:
NS - Usually local and specific
ES - May be very general and widespread

5:
NS - Rapid (within milliseconds)
ES - Slower (seconds to days to months to years)

6:
NS - Brief (stops quickly when stimulus stops)
ES - Longer lasting (may continue long after stimulus has stopped)

Human Biology (5 decks)

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