Endocrine System Flashcards by Amy Reid

Proximity of cells to each other–DISTANT
Transmission pathway–CIRCULATING SYSTEM
Chemical Mediator–HORMONE

ENDCORINE

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Proximity of cells to each other–LOCAL, NEARBY TISSUE
Transmission Pathway–ISF
Chemical Mediator–PARACRINE

PARACRINE

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Proximity of cells to each other–SAME CELL (LOCAL)
Transmission pathway–ISF
Chemical Mediator–AUTOCRINE

AUTOCRINE

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Proximity of cells to each other–ADJACENT CELL MEMBRANES (FUSED)
Transmission Pathway–GAP JUNCTIONS
Chemical Mediator–VARIOUS IONS

GAP JUNCTIONS

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The endocrine system coordinates body cavities by means of ______ signals

Chemical

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Exocrine glands release their secretions into a _____

Duct

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Target Tissue

Specific cells/tissues influenced by a hormone

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Target tissues posses proteins called_____ that specifically bind to that hormone

Receptors

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Target Cell Specificity

Hormones affect only specific target tissues that have specific receptors for that hormone.

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Why is the Target Cell Specificity central to the function of the endocrine system

Enables endocrine system to release hormones systematically without creating chaos

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Hormones are the key that will only fit in to a certain receptor (LOCK) and “open” it to create a reaction in the target cell

“lock and key”

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When a hormone is deficient, the # of receptors increase

UP Regulation

UP=More sensitve

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If a hormone is present in excess, the # of target cell receptors may decrease

Down Regulation

Down=Less sensitive

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Hormones derived from the amino acid Tyrosine include______ a group that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Catacholamine

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Amine hormone based on tyrosine and adding the mineral iodine is

Thyroid Hormone

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Peptide Hormones

Hormones composed of short amino acid chains

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Protein Hormones

Hormones composed of long, more complex amino acid chains

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Glycoprotein Hormones

Carbohydrate side chains

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Examples of Peptide Hormones

ADH
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone

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Examples of Protein Hormones

Human Growth (GH)
Insulin
TSH

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Steroid Hormones are derived from _____

Cholesterol

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4 Organs that secrete steroid hormones

Adrenal Cortex
Testes–Testosterone
Ovaries–Estrogen
Calcitrol

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The greatest variety of Hormones belong to which chemical group?

Proteins/Peptides

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Steroid, thyroid (testosterone)
Bound to plasma protein
Inside target cells
Directly stimulate protein synthesis

LIPID SOLUBLE HORMONES

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Amines, peptides/proteins (melatonin) Free molecule Surface of plasma membrane Activates second messengers system inside cell

WATER-SOLUBLE HORMONES

Changes rate or strength of contraction

Type of response when a hormone binds to a target cell of a MUSCLE CELL

Changes rate of synthesis or activity of specific proteins within target cells

Type of response when a hormone binds to a target cell of a SECRETORY CELL

Change permeability of cell membrane | change rate of specific metabolic reactions

Type of response when a hormone binds to a target cell for MOST CELLS

Actions of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone

Permissive effect

Effect of 2 hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than the effect of each hormone acting alone

Synergistic effect

One hormone opposes the actions of another hormone (opposite effect)

Antagonistic effect

3 types of inputs that can regulate the rate of hormone secretion

Signals from nervous system Chemical changes in the blood Other hormones

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla by sympathetic neurons | Stimulation of neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus by other brain regions

Neuron Signals

Low calcium levels stimulate parathyroid hormoneo secretion | High blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion

Chemical Composition of ECF

ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion

Controlled by another hormone

Adenohypophysis | produce hormones that influence several peripheral endocrine glands

Anterior Pituitary

Produces "releasing hormones" and "inhibiting hormones" | Composed of nervous tissue

Hypothalumus

Composed of nervous tissue neurohypophysis stores and releases hormones actually produced by the hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary

TSH

Thyroid stimulating Hormone

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

GHRH

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

Lutenising Hormone (Gonadtropins)

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Gonadtropins)

GHIH

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone

GnRH

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

PIH

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (dopamine)

Growth Hormone

CRH

Corticotropism Releasing Hormone

PRH

Prolactin-releasing Hormone

PRL

Prolactin

Which hormones are called the TROPIC HORMONES

TSH ACTH FSH LH

The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones actually released by the________

Hypothalamus

What are the 2 hormones released by the hypothalamus?

Oxytocin--target tissue :breasts and uterus | Antiduretic (ADH)--Target tissue: Kidneys

some specific functions of the thyroid

Increase metabolic rate; normal growth and nervous system functions

What is the function of idodine in thyroid

Regulate oxygen use and metabolic rate, cellular metabolism and growth development

Regulation of thyroid hormones involves____secreted by the hypothalamus which regulates____secreted by the anterior pituitary, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete____

TRH TSH T3 and T4

PTH is directly involved in the homeostatic regulation of _____

Calcium

____blood levels of calcium stimulate PTH secretion. | The overall effect of PTH is to _____the level of this mineral back to normal.

LOW | RAISE

Bone tissue (PTH Homeostasis)

Promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts

Kidneys (PTH homeostasis)

Stimulates the kidneys to synthesize calcitrol--this slows the loss of calcium

Small Intestine (PTH Homeostasis)

Calcitrol stimulates the inversed absorption of calcium from foods

PTH is secreted in response to _____than normal levels of blood calcium, and calcitonin is secreted in response to____than normal levelsd.

LOWER | HIGHER

What is the major function of Calcitonin?

Inhibits osteoclasts (BONE)

All adrenal cortex hormones are classed as_____and are synthesized from _____

Steroids | Cholesterol

Aldoserone regulate electrolyte and water balance of ECF Regulates Na+ and K+ excretion by kidneys

Mineralocorticoids

Male sex hormones | anabolic steroids

Androgens

Cortisol important in response to stress influence carbohydrate metabolism; increasing blood glucose levels pharmaceutical preparations used to depress inflammation

Glucocorticoids

Secretions of cortisol is regulated by ____from the anterior pituitary

ACTH

Cortisol is controlled by____from the hypothalamus

CRH

The adrenal medulla is actually a modified ganglion of the _____division of the autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic

What 2 hormones do adrenal medulla produce?

Epinephrine | Norapenephrine

What is the major action of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?

Intensifies sympathetic responses that occur in other parts of the body

General adaptation syndrome

generalized, nonspecific responses of the body to stressors

Three stages of the adaptation syndrome

1--Initial fight or flight response 2--slower resistance reaction 3--Exhaustion

First stage of the adaptation syndrome is controlled by the_____and the adrenal_____.

Sympathetic system (ANS) Medulla mobilizes the body's resources for immediate physical activity

The second stage of the adaptation syndrome is controlled primarily by hormone secretion, ______being the most significant involved.

Cortisol | chronic stress

3 signs of Hyperthyroidism

personality changes, trouble sleeping, weight loss

3 signs of Hypothyroidism

Swelled face, slow heart rate, gain weight

In a young child, hypothyroidism can cause:

Congenital hypothyroidism | Characterized by severe mental retardation and stunted growth

Over secretion of Cortisol causes

Cushing's

Under secretion of Cortisol causes

Addison's

Endocrine glands release their secretions into the _____

Blood