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Endocrine System > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Proximity of cells to each other–DISTANT
Transmission pathway–CIRCULATING SYSTEM
Chemical Mediator–HORMONE

A

ENDCORINE

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2
Q

Proximity of cells to each other–LOCAL, NEARBY TISSUE
Transmission Pathway–ISF
Chemical Mediator–PARACRINE

A

PARACRINE

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3
Q

Proximity of cells to each other–SAME CELL (LOCAL)
Transmission pathway–ISF
Chemical Mediator–AUTOCRINE

A

AUTOCRINE

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4
Q

Proximity of cells to each other–ADJACENT CELL MEMBRANES (FUSED)
Transmission Pathway–GAP JUNCTIONS
Chemical Mediator–VARIOUS IONS

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

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5
Q

The endocrine system coordinates body cavities by means of ______ signals

A

Chemical

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6
Q

Exocrine glands release their secretions into a _____

A

Duct

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7
Q

Target Tissue

A

Specific cells/tissues influenced by a hormone

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8
Q

Target tissues posses proteins called_____ that specifically bind to that hormone

A

Receptors

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9
Q

Target Cell Specificity

A

Hormones affect only specific target tissues that have specific receptors for that hormone.

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10
Q

Why is the Target Cell Specificity central to the function of the endocrine system

A

Enables endocrine system to release hormones systematically without creating chaos

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11
Q

Hormones are the key that will only fit in to a certain receptor (LOCK) and “open” it to create a reaction in the target cell

A

“lock and key”

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12
Q

When a hormone is deficient, the # of receptors increase

A

UP Regulation

UP=More sensitve

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13
Q

If a hormone is present in excess, the # of target cell receptors may decrease

A

Down Regulation

Down=Less sensitive

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14
Q

Hormones derived from the amino acid Tyrosine include______ a group that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

A

Catacholamine

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15
Q

Amine hormone based on tyrosine and adding the mineral iodine is

A

Thyroid Hormone

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16
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Hormones composed of short amino acid chains

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17
Q

Protein Hormones

A

Hormones composed of long, more complex amino acid chains

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18
Q

Glycoprotein Hormones

A

Carbohydrate side chains

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19
Q

Examples of Peptide Hormones

A

ADH
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone

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20
Q

Examples of Protein Hormones

A

Human Growth (GH)
Insulin
TSH

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21
Q

Steroid Hormones are derived from _____

A

Cholesterol

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22
Q

4 Organs that secrete steroid hormones

A

Adrenal Cortex
Testes–Testosterone
Ovaries–Estrogen
Calcitrol

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23
Q

The greatest variety of Hormones belong to which chemical group?

A

Proteins/Peptides

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24
Q

Steroid, thyroid (testosterone)
Bound to plasma protein
Inside target cells
Directly stimulate protein synthesis

A

LIPID SOLUBLE HORMONES

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25
Q

Amines, peptides/proteins (melatonin)
Free molecule
Surface of plasma membrane
Activates second messengers system inside cell

A

WATER-SOLUBLE HORMONES

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26
Q

Changes rate or strength of contraction

A

Type of response when a hormone binds to a target cell of a MUSCLE CELL

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27
Q

Changes rate of synthesis or activity of specific proteins within target cells

A

Type of response when a hormone binds to a target cell of a SECRETORY CELL

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28
Q

Change permeability of cell membrane

change rate of specific metabolic reactions

A

Type of response when a hormone binds to a target cell for MOST CELLS

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29
Q

Actions of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone

A

Permissive effect

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30
Q

Effect of 2 hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than the effect of each hormone acting alone

A

Synergistic effect

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31
Q

One hormone opposes the actions of another hormone (opposite effect)

A

Antagonistic effect

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32
Q

3 types of inputs that can regulate the rate of hormone secretion

A

Signals from nervous system
Chemical changes in the blood
Other hormones

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33
Q

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla by sympathetic neurons

Stimulation of neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus by other brain regions

A

Neuron Signals

34
Q

Low calcium levels stimulate parathyroid hormoneo secretion

High blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion

A

Chemical Composition of ECF

35
Q

ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion

A

Controlled by another hormone

36
Q

Adenohypophysis

produce hormones that influence several peripheral endocrine glands

A

Anterior Pituitary

37
Q

Produces “releasing hormones” and “inhibiting hormones”

Composed of nervous tissue

A

Hypothalumus

38
Q

Composed of nervous tissue
neurohypophysis
stores and releases hormones actually produced by the hypothalamus

A

Posterior Pituitary

39
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating Hormone

40
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

41
Q

GHRH

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

42
Q

LH

A

Lutenising Hormone (Gonadtropins)

43
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Gonadtropins)

44
Q

GHIH

A

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone

45
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

46
Q

PIH

A

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (dopamine)

47
Q

GH

A

Growth Hormone

48
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropism Releasing Hormone

49
Q

PRH

A

Prolactin-releasing Hormone

50
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin

51
Q

Which hormones are called the TROPIC HORMONES

A

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

52
Q

The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones actually released by the________

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

What are the 2 hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A

Oxytocin–target tissue :breasts and uterus

Antiduretic (ADH)–Target tissue: Kidneys

54
Q

some specific functions of the thyroid

A

Increase metabolic rate; normal growth and nervous system functions

55
Q

What is the function of idodine in thyroid

A

Regulate oxygen use and metabolic rate, cellular metabolism and growth development

56
Q

Regulation of thyroid hormones involves____secreted by the hypothalamus which regulates____secreted by the anterior pituitary, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete____

A

TRH
TSH
T3 and T4

57
Q

PTH is directly involved in the homeostatic regulation of _____

A

Calcium

58
Q

____blood levels of calcium stimulate PTH secretion.

The overall effect of PTH is to _____the level of this mineral back to normal.

A

LOW

RAISE

59
Q

Bone tissue (PTH Homeostasis)

A

Promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts

60
Q

Kidneys (PTH homeostasis)

A

Stimulates the kidneys to synthesize calcitrol–this slows the loss of calcium

61
Q

Small Intestine (PTH Homeostasis)

A

Calcitrol stimulates the inversed absorption of calcium from foods

62
Q

PTH is secreted in response to _____than normal levels of blood calcium, and calcitonin is secreted in response to____than normal levelsd.

A

LOWER

HIGHER

63
Q

What is the major function of Calcitonin?

A

Inhibits osteoclasts (BONE)

64
Q

All adrenal cortex hormones are classed as_____and are synthesized from _____

A

Steroids

Cholesterol

65
Q

Aldoserone
regulate electrolyte and water balance of ECF
Regulates Na+ and K+ excretion by kidneys

A

Mineralocorticoids

66
Q

Male sex hormones

anabolic steroids

A

Androgens

67
Q

Cortisol
important in response to stress
influence carbohydrate metabolism; increasing blood glucose levels
pharmaceutical preparations used to depress inflammation

A

Glucocorticoids

68
Q

Secretions of cortisol is regulated by ____from the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH

69
Q

Cortisol is controlled by____from the hypothalamus

A

CRH

70
Q

The adrenal medulla is actually a modified ganglion of the _____division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

71
Q

What 2 hormones do adrenal medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine

Norapenephrine

72
Q

What is the major action of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?

A

Intensifies sympathetic responses that occur in other parts of the body

73
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

generalized, nonspecific responses of the body to stressors

74
Q

Three stages of the adaptation syndrome

A

1–Initial fight or flight response
2–slower resistance reaction
3–Exhaustion

75
Q

First stage of the adaptation syndrome is controlled by the_____and the adrenal_____.

A

Sympathetic system (ANS)
Medulla
mobilizes the body’s resources for immediate physical activity

76
Q

The second stage of the adaptation syndrome is controlled primarily by hormone secretion, ______being the most significant involved.

A

Cortisol

chronic stress

77
Q

3 signs of Hyperthyroidism

A

personality changes, trouble sleeping, weight loss

78
Q

3 signs of Hypothyroidism

A

Swelled face, slow heart rate, gain weight

79
Q

In a young child, hypothyroidism can cause:

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

Characterized by severe mental retardation and stunted growth

80
Q

Over secretion of Cortisol causes

A

Cushing’s

81
Q

Under secretion of Cortisol causes

A

Addison’s

82
Q

Endocrine glands release their secretions into the _____

A

Blood

Endocrine System (1 decks)

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