Endocrine System

Question 1

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Maintain homeostasis

Question 2

What are the 2 types of feedback system that the endocrine has?

Answer 2

Positive and negative, negative being most common

Question 3

What is negative feedback regulation relative to the endocrine system?

Answer 3

When the levels of a hormone reach adequate level then a signal is sent to stop production of the hormone

Question 4

What is the stability regulation of the nervous system?

Answer 4

It has a rapid response but is short term

Question 5

What is the stability regulation of the endocrine system?

Answer 5

There is a slower response but it lasts longer

Question 6

What is the general anatomy of the endocrine system?

Answer 6

The endocrine glands/organs and the target organs/tissues

Question 7

What are the 3 sites of actions in the endocrine system?

Answer 7

Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine

Question 8

How does autocrine site of action work?

Answer 8

The cell will secrete a hormone to itself and create a response all within itself

Question 9

How does the paracrine site of action work?

Answer 9

Where the cell secretes the hormone and then goes and is received by adjacent cells which then creates a response

Question 10

How does the endocrine site of action work?

Answer 10

It is where the cell releases a hormone into the blood stream which is then received by a receptor on the target organ and creates a response

Question 11

What are the major endocrine glands?

Answer 11

They hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries and the testes

Question 12

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 12

It’s part of the forebrain at the ventral aspect, just caudal to the optic chiasm

Question 13

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 13

As the area of preservation, a regulatory center

Question 14

What are the 4 things that the hypothalamus secretes?

Answer 14

Releasing hormones, inhibitory hormones, antidiuretic and oxytocin

Question 15

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 15

Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

Question 16

What are the 2 ways in which the hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland?

Answer 16

Through the hypophyseal portal system or through neurosecretory

Question 17

What is the nervous portion of the pituitary gland called?

Answer 17

Neurohypophysis

Question 18

What are the 4 releasing hormones that the hypothalamus secretes to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 18

Somatotropin releasing, thyrotropin releasing, corticotropin releasing, prolactin releasing, and gonadotropin releasing.

Question 19

What inhibitory hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 19

Somatotropin release-inhibiting and prolactin release-inhibiting

Question 20

What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete to the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 20

Antidiuretic and oxytocin

Question 21

Where are glandular cells?

Answer 21

They are located in the anterior portion of the pituitary and produce hormones

Question 22

What is the nervous tissue of the posterior pituitary gland responsible for?

Answer 22

Storing hormones that are secreted from the hypothalamus like oxytocin and antidiuretic

Question 23

What is somatotropin?

Answer 23

A growth hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that is responsible for animal growth and metabolism (protein synthesis, decreasing carb use, and lipid catabolism)

Question 24

What is Thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 24

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and is responsible for thyroid growth and the secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 25

What is a gonadotropin?

Answer 25

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland which then secretes Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 26

What is prolactin?

Answer 26

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Promotes mammary gland development and milk production.

Question 27

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Answer 27

Hormone in the adrenal cortex that stimulates development and hormone release

Question 28

What is melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)?

Answer 28

Regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells in the skin of some fishes, amphibians, and reptiles

Question 29

What is antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 29

Hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland that prevents H2O loss

Question 30

What is oxytocin?

Answer 30

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.

Question 31

Where is the thyroid located?

Answer 31

Caudal to the larynx, peritracheal

Question 32

What hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

Answer 32

Tetraiodothryonine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Calcitonin

Question 33

What are T3 and T4 responsible for?

Answer 33

Cell metabolism like O2 uptake, nutrient utilization and growth

Question 34

What is calcitonin responsible for?

Answer 34

Helps regulate the calcium levels in the blood and helps preventing hypercalcemia by sending calcium into the bone. 'Ca Bank'

Question 35

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 35

There are 2 pairs, each on the thyroid lobes, one cranial and one caudal, which is usually buried inside the thyroid tissue

Question 36

What is parathyroid hormone?

Answer 36

It prevents hypocalcemia by bone resorption, renal retention and intestinal absorption

Question 37

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 37

At the cranial pole of the kidneys

Question 38

What are the divisions of the adrenal gland?

Answer 38

The cortex which is made of gland tissue and the medulla which is made of nervous tissue

Question 39

What are the 3 types of hormones that the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete?

Answer 39

Glucocorticoids (steroids, cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone), mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone), and sex hormones (estrogen and androgen)

Question 40

What are the actions of Glucocorticoids?

Answer 40

Gluconeogenesis, decreases glucose uptake, fat mobilization, anti-inflammatory responses and immune suppression

Question 41

What is aldosterone?

Answer 41

Secreted from the adrenal cortex and promotes sodium retention and excretion of hydrogen and potassium

Question 42

What hormones are secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland?

Answer 42

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 43

What actions do the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine have?

Answer 43

Important in sympathetic control and they increase heart rate, respiration, dilate vessels, decrease GI activity, decrease bladder activity and partake in glycogenolysis

Question 44

What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas produce?

Answer 44

Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

Question 45

What does the endocrine portion of the pancreas produce?

Answer 45

Islet cells (insulin, glucagon and somatostatin)

Question 46

What cells produce insulin?

Answer 46

Beta cells of pancreas which decrease glucose levels in blood

Question 47

What cells produce glucagon?

Answer 47

Alpha cells of pancreas that increase levels of glucose in blood

Question 48

What cells produce somatostatin?

Answer 48

Delta cells of pancreas which inhibits either insulin or glucagon as a regulatory system

Question 49

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Answer 49

Estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin

Question 50

What hormones do the testes produce?

Answer 50

Testosterone and estrogen

Question 51

What hormones do the kidneys produce?

Answer 51

Erythropoietin and renin

Question 52

What hormones does the stomach secrete?

Answer 52

Gastrin

Question 53

What hormones does the small intestine produce?

Answer 53

Secretin and cholecystokinin

Question 54

What hormones does the placenta produce?

Answer 54

Chorionic gonadotropin

Question 55

What hormones does the thymus secrete?

Answer 55

Thymosin and thymopoietin

Question 56

What hormones does the pineal body secrete?

Answer 56

Melatonin