Endocrine System - 18

Question 0

What does testosterone do?

Answer 0

• promotes the production of functional sperm
• maintains the secretory glands of the male reproductive tract
• stimulates growth
• determines male secondary sex characteristics such as the distribution of facial hair and body fat
• effects metabolic operations
• stimulates protein synthesis and muscle growth
• produces aggressive behavioral responses

Question 1

what are androgens?

Answer 1

male hormones

Question 2

what is paracrine communication?

Answer 2

the use of chemical messengers to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue

Question 3

paracrine factors can have primary and secondary effects. What is the difference?

Answer 3

primary affects occur in the tissue of origin and secondary effects occur in other tissues and organs.

Question 4

when secondary effects occur, paracrine factors are acting as

Answer 4

hormones

Question 5

hormonal regulation is suitable for directing gradual coordinated processes but is unable to handle situations that require immediate responses. That kind of “crisis management” is operated by what system?

Answer 5

the nervous system

Question 6

when released into the serum, norepinephrine and epinephrine are called hormones. When released across synapses they are called

Answer 6

neurotransmitters

Question 7

the endocrine system includes

Answer 7

all the endocrine cells and tissues of the body which produce hormones or paracrine factors that have effects beyond their tissues of origin

Question 8

What is one difference between endocrine cells and exocrine cells?

Answer 8

Endocrine cells are glandular secretory cells that release their secretions into the extracellular fluid as where exocrine cells which secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces generally by the way of ducts.

Question 9

Which hormones are released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Answer 9

oxytocin and ADH

Question 10

Name the two parts of the adrenal glands that release hormones.

Answer 10

The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.

Question 11

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 11

Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE).

Question 12

What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 12

Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and androgens.

Question 13

What hormones are released from the thyroid gland?

Answer 13

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin (CT).

Question 14

What hormones are released by the kidneys?

Answer 14

Renin, erythropoietin (EPO), and calcitriol.

Question 15

What hormones are released by adipose tissue?

Answer 15

Leptin and resistin.

Question 16

What hormones are released by the heart?

Answer 16

The natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP.

Question 17

What hormone is released by the pineal gland?

Answer 17

Melatonin.

Question 18

Hormones can be divided into three groups on the basis of their chemical structure:

Answer 18

1. amino acid derivatives
2. peptide hormones
3. lipid derivatives

Question 19

What are prohormones?

Answer 19

inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones either before or after they are secreted.

Question 20

What are the two classes of lipid derivatives and where are they derived from?

Answer 20

1. Steroid hormones that are derived from cholesterol

2. Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid

Question 21

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 21

Small molecules with a five-carbon ring at one end. These compounds are important paracrine factors that coordinate cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes that occur in extracellular fluids. Some of the eicosanoids also have secondary roles as hormones.

Question 22

Explain the equilibrium state between free hormones and bound hormones.

Answer 22

As the free hormones are removed and inactivated they are replaced by the release of bound hormones. The bloodstream contains a substantial reserve (several weeks) of hormones at any time.

Question 23

What are the catacholamines?

Answer 23

1. epinephrine (E)
2. norepinephrine (NE)
3. dopamine

Question 24

Where are hormone receptors located?

Answer 24

Either on the cell membrane or inside the cell.

Question 25

Any hormone that is not lipid soluble can only bind to a receptor on the cell membrane and as such does not have direct affects on the target cell. These types are hormones are referred to as:

Answer 25

first messengers - any substance that causes the appearance of a second messenger in the cytoplasm.

Question 26

What is the function of a second messenger?

Answer 26

To act as either an enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor, with the net result being a change in the rates of various metabolic reactions.

Question 27

What are the most important second messengers?

Answer 27

1. cyclic-AMP
2. cyclic-GMP
3. calcium ions

Question 28

Several hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are released in sudden bursts called:

Answer 28

pulses

Question 29

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

Answer 29

Hypophysis