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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system is composed of?

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

four classes of chemical messengers

A
  1. autocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. neurotransmitters
  4. endocrine
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3
Q

autocrine

A

+ auto - self
+ stimulates the cell that originally secreted it.

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4
Q

paracrine

A

+ para - next
+ act locally on neighboring cells
+ it is secreted by one cell type into the extracellular fluid and affects surrounding self.

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5
Q

neurotransmitters

A

+ it is secreted by neurons that activates the adjacent cells, whether it is another neuron, muscle cells or a glandular cells.

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6
Q

endocrine

A

+ endo - within
+ secreted into the bloodstreams by certain glands and cells.
+ travels through the blood to their target cells.

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7
Q

endocrine chemical messengers

A

hormones

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8
Q

endocrine system’s 10 major functions that contributes to homeostasis.

A
  1. regulation of metabolism
  2. control of food intake and digestion
  3. modulation of tissue development
  4. regulation of ion levels
  5. control of water balance
  6. regulation of cardiovascular functions
  7. control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  8. control of reproductive functions
  9. stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release.
  10. modulation of immune system functions
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9
Q
  1. regulation of metabolism
A

controls the rate of nutrient utilization and energy production.

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10
Q
  1. control of food intake and digestion
A

regulates the level of fullness and the breakdown of food into nutrients

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11
Q
  1. modulation of tissue development
A

influences the development of tissues

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12
Q
  1. regulation of ion levels
A

helps monitor ion levels, blood ph, as well as Na. K and Ca concentration in the blood.

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13
Q
  1. control of water balance
A

controls the solute concentration of the blood as well as controlling membrane permeability.

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14
Q
  1. regulation of cardiovascular functions
A

regulates heart rate and blood pressure, it also prepares the body for physical activity.

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15
Q
  1. control of blood glucose and other nutrients
A

regulates the level of glucose and other nutrients in the blood.

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16
Q
  1. control of reproductive functions
A

controls the development and functions of reproductive systems in males and females.

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17
Q
  1. stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release.
A

regulates uterine contractions during delivery and stimulates milk release in lactating females

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18
Q
  1. modulation of immune system functions
A

helps control the production of immune cells.

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19
Q

hormones

A

+ greek word hormon “set into motion”

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20
Q

two chemical categories of hormones

A
  1. lipid- soluble
  2. water-soluble
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21
Q

lipid-soluble

A

+ nonpolar
+ includes steroids, thyroid hormones, and some fatty acid derivatives.

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22
Q

water-soluble

A

+ polar
+ they include protein hormones, peptide hormones, and most amino acid derivative hormones.

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23
Q

three types of stimuli result in hormone secretions

A
  1. humoral
  2. neural
  3. hormonal
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24
Q

exhibited by hormones that are sensitive to circulating blood levels of certain molecules such as glucose or calcium.

A

humoral stimuli

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25
cause hormone secretion in direct response to action potential in neurons, as occurs during stress or exercise.
neural stimuli
26
it is common in endocrine system.
hormonal stimulation
27
hormones from the anterior pituitary that stimulates hormones from other endocrine glands
tropic hormones
28
inhibition of hormone release
1. humoral substances 2. neural stimuli 3. inhibiting hormones
29
inhibit the secretion of hormones
humoral substances
30
prevent hormone secretion
neural stimuli
31
prevent hormone release
inhibiting hormones
32
processes that regulates the overall blood levels of hormones
1. negative feedback 2. positive feedback
33
prevents further hormone secretion ones point is achieved
negative feedback
34
self-promoting system whereby the stimulation of hormones increases overtime
positive feedback
35
two groups of hormones has its own class of receptors
1. liquid soluble hormones 2. water-soluble hormones
36
- binds to nuclear receptors located inside the nucleus of the target cell - some have rapid actions that are most likely mediated via a membrane bound receptor.
liquid-soluble hormones
37
binds to membrane bound receptors, which are integral membrane proteins.
water-soluble hormones
38
G proteins
it is where some membrane-bound receptors are associated. - it is a membrane protein.
39
consists of ductless glands
endocrine system
40
- it is connected to the hypothalamus in the brain - divided into anterior and posterior portions.
pituitary
41
controlled by hormones that passes through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system by the hypothalamus.
anterior secretions
42
controlled by the action potentials carried by axons that passes from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
posterior secretions
43
hormones released in anterior pituitary
1. growth hormones (GW) 2. thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) 3. adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) 4. luteinizing hormones (LH) 5. follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) 6. prolactin 7. melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH)
44
- stimulates the growth of bones, muscles and other organs through gene expression. - slows protein breakdown during starvation - favors lipid breakdown
growth hormones (GW)
45
A young person suffering from a deficiency of growth hormone remains small, although normally proportioned.
Pituitary Dwarf
46
A condition where a person becomes abnormally tall. Excess growth hormone
Giantism
47
: A condition in which facial features and hands become abnormally large
Acromegaly
48
The growth hormone is control by two hormones from the hypothalamus
- Releasing hormone - Inhibiting hormone
49
stimulates GH secretion
Releasing hormone
50
inhibits GH secretion
Inhibiting hormone
51
a group of proteins that influences part of the effect of growth hormone
Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF):
52
- Binds to membrane-bound receptors on the cells of the Thyroid gland. - Stimulate secretion of Thyroid Hormones and also stimulate growth of the thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH)
53
- Binds to membrane-bound receptors on the cells of the Adrenal Cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
54
Increases secretion of hormone from adrenal cortex called
cortisol also called hydrocortisone
55
- Bind to membrane-bound receptors in the Gonads (ovaries and testes) - regulate the growth, development, and functions of the gonads.
Gonadotropins
56
- The two major gonadotropins:
1. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
57
female - stimulates ovulation - promotes the secretion of reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone to the ovary. male - stimulates interstitial cell of the testes to secrete reproductive hormones testosterone.
luteinizing hormones (LH)
58
stimulates the development of follicle in the ovaries and sperm cells in testes
follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)
59
- Binds to membrane-bound receptors in the cells of the breast - Promotes development of the breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy.
prolactin
60
- Binds to membrane-bound receptors on melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin - Two regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus: (1) one that increases MSH secretion, and (2) one that decreases it.
melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH)
61
Bind to membrane-bound receptors in the Gonads (ovaries and testes) - regulate the growth, development, and functions of the gonads.
Gonadotropins
62

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (1 decks)

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